電(dian)動(dong)車充電(dian)器是專門為(wei)電(dian)動(dong)自(zi)行車的電(dian)瓶配置的一個充電(dian)設備！

　　充電器的分類： 用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一(yi)般使用(yong)帶工頻變壓器的充電機，體積大(da)、重(zhong)量大(da)，費電，但(dan)是(shi)可靠，便宜(yi)；電動自行車和電摩則使用(yong)所(suo)謂(wei)開(kai)關電源式電池充電器，省電，效率高(gao)，但(dan)是(shi)易壞。

　　開(kai)關電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的正確操(cao)作是(shi)：充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，先插電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，后加市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；充(chong)(chong)足后，先切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池插頭。如果(guo)在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時先拔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池插頭，特別是(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大（紅燈）時，非常容(rong)易損壞充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器。

　　常用(yong)的開關電(dian)源式(shi)(shi)電(dian)池充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)又分半橋式(shi)(shi)和單(dan)激式(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)大類(lei)，單(dan)激類(lei)又分為(wei)正(zheng)激式(shi)(shi)和反激式(shi)(shi)兩(liang)(liang)類(lei)。半橋式(shi)(shi)成(cheng)本高，性能好(hao)，常用(yong)于帶(dai)負(fu)脈沖的充電(dian)器(qi)(qi)；單(dan)激式(shi)(shi)成(cheng)本低，市場占有率高。

　　關于負脈沖充電器

　　鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)池已經有100多(duo)年的歷史了，開始全球普(pu)遍沿(yan)引老的觀點和(he)操作規程：充(chong)(chong)、放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)率為0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)池容量)壽命較長。美(mei)國人(ren)麥(mai)斯先生(sheng)為解(jie)決快(kuai)速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)問(wen)題(ti)，1967年向全世界公布了他的研究成(cheng)果(guo)，用大于1C率脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)間歇時對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)。放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)有利于消(xiao)除(chu)極化、降低電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液溫度、提高極板(ban)接受(shou)電(dian)(dian)荷的能力。

　　我(wo)國一些科(ke)技工作者在1969年前后，根據麥斯先生的三定律制作成功了多種(zhong)品牌(pai)的快速充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。充電(dian)(dian)循環過程是：大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈沖充電(dian)(dian)→切(qie)斷充電(dian)(dian)通路→對(dui)電(dian)(dian)池短暫放電(dian)(dian)→停止(zhi)放電(dian)(dian)→接(jie)通充電(dian)(dian)通路→大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)脈沖充電(dian)(dian)……

　　2000年前后，有人將(jiang)這一原理用到了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，不切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通路，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)短路瞬(shun)間，進行(xing)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。短路時由于(yu)不切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通路，在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通路中串連(lian)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)。一般在1秒(miao)內(nei)短路3－5毫秒(miao)（1秒(miao)＝1000毫秒(miao)），由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流不能跳變，短路時間短促，可(ke)以(yi)保護充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源轉換部(bu)分。如果把充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向(xiang)叫(jiao)正(zheng)，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)自然為(wei)負(fu)了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車業就出現了名詞“負(fu)脈沖(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱可(ke)以(yi)延長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命等(deng)等(deng)。

　　關于三(san)段式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)器

　　近(jin)幾年，電(dian)動(dong)車普遍使用了所謂三(san)(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)器，第(di)(di)(di)一個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)涓流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)子技術角度針對電(dian)池而言(yan)：第(di)(di)(di)一個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)充(chong)電(dian)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)個(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)低恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較(jiao)貼切(qie)。第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉換時，面板(ban)指(zhi)示燈相(xiang)應變(bian)(bian)換，大多數充(chong)電(dian)器第(di)(di)(di)一、二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是(shi)紅(hong)燈，第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)(bian)綠燈。第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和(he)第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相(xiang)互轉換是(shi)由充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)決(jue)定的，大于(yu)某(mou)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)一第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于(yu)某(mou)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進(jin)入第(di)(di)(di)三(san)(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個(ge)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)叫(jiao)(jiao)轉換電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，也叫(jiao)(jiao)轉折電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。

　　早期充電器，包括名牌車配套的充電器，雖然也(ye)變燈，但(dan)實際是恒(heng)壓限流(liu)充電器，并不是三(san)階段(duan)充電器。一般這類(lei)就一個穩(wen)定電壓值，44.2V左右，對(dui)當時的(de)高(gao)比重硫酸(suan)的(de)電池(chi)還(huan)湊(cou)合(he)。

　　關于三段式(shi)充電器的三個(ge)關鍵參(can)數

　　第(di)一個(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)是涓流階段的(de)(de)低恒壓(ya)值，第(di)二(er)個(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)是第(di)二(er)階段的(de)(de)高恒壓(ya)值，第(di)三個(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)是轉換(huan)電(dian)流。這三個(ge)(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)與(yu)電(dian)池(chi)數(shu)目有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容量Ah有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)溫度(du)有(you)關(guan)，與(yu)電(dian)池(chi)種類(lei)有(you)關(guan)。為(wei)了(le)方便大(da)家記憶(yi)，下面以最(zui)常見(jian)的(de)(de)電(dian)動自行車(che)（三塊12V串聯的(de)(de)10Ah電(dian)池(chi)）所用的(de)(de)三段式充電(dian)器為(wei)例(li)簡(jian)單介紹一下：

　　首先(xian)討論涓流(liu)階段的低(di)恒(heng)壓(ya)值，參(can)考(kao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為42.5V左右。此值高將(jiang)使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水，容易使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)熱變(bian)形；此值低(di)不利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充足電(dian)(dian)。此值在南方要(yao)(yao)低(di)于(yu)(yu)41.5V；膠體(ti)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)要(yao)(yao)低(di)于(yu)(yu)41.5V，如(ru)在南方還要(yao)(yao)低(di)一點兒(er)。這個參(can)數(shu)是相對嚴格的，不可以大于(yu)(yu)參(can)考(kao)值。

　　其次討論第(di)二階段的高(gao)恒壓值，參考電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為44.5V左右(you)。此(ci)值高(gao)有利(li)于快速充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是容易(yi)使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后期電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下不(bu)來，結果使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發熱變形；此(ci)值低不(bu)利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利(li)于向涓流(liu)階段轉換。這個值雖然沒(mei)有第(di)一個值那樣(yang)嚴格，但是也不(bu)要過高(gao)。

　　最后討論轉換電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，參考(kao)(kao)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)為(wei)300毫(hao)安(an)(an)(an)左右。此值高有(you)利于(yu)電(dian)池壽命，不容(rong)易發熱變(bian)形，但(dan)不利于(yu)電(dian)池快速充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)；此值低（對外行(xing)）有(you)利于(yu)充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)，但(dan)是(shi)由于(yu)較長(chang)時間高電(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)，容(rong)易使電(dian)池失水，使電(dian)池發熱變(bian)形。特別(bie)個別(bie)電(dian)池出(chu)現(xian)問題時，充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)降(jiang)不到轉折(zhe)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)以下時，會連累好電(dian)池也被充(chong)壞。給出(chu)的(de)參考(kao)(kao)值有(you)一定范(fan)圍，正負50毫(hao)安(an)(an)(an)甚(shen)至(zhi)100毫(hao)安(an)(an)(an)都是(shi)允許的(de)，但(dan)是(shi)不允許小于(yu)200毫(hao)安(an)(an)(an)。

　　目前，市場上(shang)出現了很多高(gao)恒(heng)壓值為46.5V、低恒(heng)壓值為41.5V、轉(zhuan)折電流大于500毫安的反激式廉價充電器(qi)。

　　如果是(shi)四塊12V電(dian)池的充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)即48V充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)，前(qian)兩個參數為前(qian)述(shu)電(dian)壓(ya)參考值除以(yi)三乘以(yi)四。高恒(heng)壓(ya)值為59.5V左右、低恒(heng)壓(ya)值為56.5V左右。

　　電池如果比10Ah大，將(jiang)第三個(ge)參(can)數電流值適當增(zeng)大，例如17Ah電池可(ke)大到500毫安。

　　買新充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)要檢查三(san)段(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)三(san)個(ge)重要參數(shu)，用(yong)(yong)戶一般可以自己測得第三(san)階段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒壓值(zhi)。方(fang)法是(shi)，不接電(dian)池(chi)，給充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)加(jia)市(shi)電(dian)，用(yong)(yong)數(shu)字萬(wan)用(yong)(yong)表(biao)的(de)200V直流電(dian)壓檔測充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)輸出電(dian)壓。另兩個(ge)參數(shu)高恒壓值(zhi)和轉(zhuan)折電(dian)流一般需(xu)要專用(yong)(yong)工具才能測得。

　　再補充(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)些正(zheng)確(que)的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法(fa)：1，變綠(lv)燈后再接著充(chong)(chong)(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原(yuan)則是淺放(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)），每次用到50%以后再充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不要充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)太頻繁這樣會縮(suo)短電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命 3，長(chang)期不騎，要定期（1個月）充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次。4，長(chang)期淺放(fang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，3個月左右，作(zuo)一(yi)次深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是所謂放(fang)光再充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有利(li)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)深(shen)部(bu)的(de)長(chang)期不動的(de)物質的(de)活化。放(fang)光的(de)意思(si)是，騎到控制器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)欠壓保(bao)護動作(zuo)為止。

　　需要(yao)提(ti)醒客戶幾(ji)點：1，一(yi)般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池投入使(shi)用8－10個(ge)月后(hou)，要(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行檢(jian)查和維護(hu)。2，一(yi)般名(ming)牌車配套(tao)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)是經(jing)過(guo)篩選的(de)，通(tong)常不用測(ce)試，但是單獨到(dao)市場(chang)上采購的(de)非配套(tao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，一(yi)定要(yao)進行前述三個(ge)參(can)數的(de)測(ce)試。3，有(you)一(yi)種不帶工頻變壓器(qi)的(de)可控硅充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直接整(zheng)流(liu)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)可到(dao)30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可調，未徹(che)底切斷(duan)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前，千萬不要(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，貨(huo)運三輪使(shi)用這(zhe)類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)客戶特別要(yao)注意安全。

　　科(ke)林(lin)充(chong)電器(qi)的特(te)點（科(ke)林(lin)充(chong)電器(qi)與電池(chi)的關系(xi)）

　　特點(dian)：能夠有效延長鉛酸電池的使用壽命+

　　原理：鉛酸電池損壞的(de)主要原因及東科達的(de)解決方案

　　1、鉛酸電池損(sun)壞(huai)的四大原因：①失水 ②硫化 ③失衡 ④熱失控（充鼓）

　　前兩者①、②占了目前市場(chang)上(shang)電(dian)池損壞(huai)的(de)97%。