充電器(Charger)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置提供能量的設備，廣泛用(yong)于手機(ji)、相機(ji)、MP3、MP4等常見數(shu)碼產品。市(shi)場(chang)上(shang)的產品都是(shi)(shi)配售充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，使用(yong)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)(shi)有(you)些沒(mei)有(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的場(chang)合或(huo)者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插座(zuo)不兼容、偏遠地區、旅行中(zhong)，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)沒(mei)有(you)任(ren)何電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)情況下(xia)不方便充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，設計的多源(yuan)數(shu)碼充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器可以(yi)在任(ren)何情況下(xia)進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒(mei)有(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可以(yi)用(yong)2節1．5 V干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒(mei)有(you)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也(ye)可用(yong)3．7 V內(nei)部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即(ji)使沒(mei)有(you)任(ren)何充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備，也(ye)可以(yi)用(yong)手壓發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)來給(gei)數(shu)碼產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)上(shang)介(jie)紹(shao)的就是(shi)(shi)本充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的特(te)別(bie)之處，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)該設計的特(te)別(bie)之處：即(ji)隨時隨地給(gei)數(shu)碼產品充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國家有關標準，移動通信手持機充電器應符合如下要求：

　　1)輸入(ru)(ru)電(dian)壓 交流(liu)充電(dian)器輸入(ru)(ru)額度交流(liu)電(dian)壓范圍應為100～240 V，容差為±10％。

　　2)輸(shu)出電(dian)壓 充(chong)電(dian)器的額度輸(shu)出電(dian)壓應(ying)為(wei)直(zhi)流5 V，容差(cha)為(wei)±5％。

　　3)輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)流(liu) 充電(dian)器的(de)額度輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)流(liu)范圍應為(wei)300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸出波紋(wen) ①輸出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)波紋(wen)：輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(90～264 V)時，模(mo)擬負(fu)載上的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸出波紋(wen)極限(xian)小于(yu)等(deng)于(yu)100 mA峰值(zhi)。②輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)波紋(wen)：輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(90～264 V)時，模(mo)擬負(fu)載上的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范圍(1．50～4．75 V)，輸出波紋(wen)極限(xian)小于(yu)等(deng)于(yu)200 mV峰值(zhi)。③短路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)：輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(90～264V)時，負(fu)載短路，短路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)限(xian)值(zhi)小于(yu)950 mA。

　　5)電流倒(dao)灌 在任何(he)情(qing)況下(xia)，無論充電器是否插上電源，由手持機(ji)測流向充電器的電流應不大于5 mA。

　　6)無(wu)負載能量消(xiao)耗(hao)輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)壓(100～240 V)時，負載開路，輸(shu)(shu)出波紋極限小于(yu)300 mW。

　　7)充(chong)電器平均效(xiao)率(lv)(lv) 充(chong)電器平均效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)應(ying)不小于50％。

　　8)干電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)設(she)計要求 充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流不高于200 mA。

　　2 系統整(zheng)體(ti)設計

　　充電器分為(wei)高壓(ya)、充(chong)電(dian)管(guan)理、升壓(ya)、邏輯控制照(zhao)明(ming)燈、內部(bu)蓄電(dian)池(chi)、干電(dian)池(chi)、手(shou)動按壓(ya)等功能模(mo)塊(kuai)。系統整(zheng)體結構框圖如圖1所示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)接通(tong)(tong)(tong)交流(liu)220 V經整(zheng)流(liu)橋后，形成(cheng)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經C1，C2濾波后，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)經開(kai)關變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)1，2引腳施加(jia)到(dao)三極管(guan)(guan)(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)C極，同時(shi)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)三極管(guan)(guan)(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(B)提供一個正向偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，使三極管(guan)(guan)(guan)VQ2導(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)。R4，無(wu)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4和肖特(te)基(ji)二極管(guan)(guan)(guan)VD3起(qi)保護作(zuo)用。此(ci)時(shi)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)，開(kai)關變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)l，2腳中有電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過，在(zai)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)3，4腳的(de)(de)(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R12加(jia)到(dao)三極管(guan)(guan)(guan)VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極，使VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極導(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)加(jia)大，迅速(su)進入飽(bao)和區(qu)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大于0．5 A，U2導(dao)(dao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)，把(ba)VQ2的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)拉低(di)，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)減少(shao)，變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)(de)(de)(de)1，2引腳產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)磁通(tong)(tong)(tong)量(liang)也開(kai)始(shi)(shi)減少(shao)。VQ3部分為(wei)(wei)限流(liu)作(zuo)用，當R23，R24增大時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)減少(shao)，減少(shao)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)增大。TL431為(wei)(wei)恒流(liu)源，輸出穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)5 V，使光(guang)耦工(gong)作(zuo)，這樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中才(cai)不斷(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)振(zhen)(zhen)蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，在(zai)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)Tl的(de)(de)(de)(de)6引腳感應出一個5 V的(de)(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)，經二極管(guan)(guan)(guan)VD4整(zheng)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C4，C5濾波后，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過標準(zhun)USB為(wei)(wei)外部數碼產品充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖2為(wei)(wei)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)模塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)圖。

　　2．2 充電管理器件BQ2057

　　此(ci)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器中，接通(tong)市電(dian)(dian)后為內部(bu)蓄電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的同時，此(ci)器件的輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為4．2 V，從而(er)通(tong)過(guo)SMT插座為外部(bu)數碼產(chan)品(pin)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)開始恒(heng)流(liu)并且逐漸(jian)下降，而(er)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐漸(jian)上升最(zui)后恒(heng)壓(ya)。電(dian)(dian)流(liu)接近零時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)完成。

　　2．3 邏輯控(kong)制照明燈模塊

　　當(dang)接入干(gan)電(dian)池時(shi)，按一下開關燈亮，再(zai)按一下燈滅。這個(ge)模塊里的燈為手電(dian)筒用(yong)于照明，其電(dian)流不超(chao)過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充電器都為單面板，并且體積比較小，而研制的充電器為雙面板，考(kao)慮到充電器外殼的(de)形狀(zhuang)和大小，所以元(yuan)器件貼片的(de)較多；因為有手壓裝置，所以要注意元(yuan)器件的(de)擺放位置。

　　4 數據測量

　　根據國家標準的要求，在實驗中：1)當輸入電壓范圍在90～264 V之間時，空載時輸出直流電壓在4．77～4．96 V，輸出電流在O．31～0．32 A；2)在測試電流波紋時，噪聲很少，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電流波紋限值150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在測試電壓波紋時，輸入電壓90～260 V時模擬負載上電壓為1．49～4．75 V，輸出電壓波紋限值150～160 mV；4)當輸入電壓9～260 V負載短路時，短路電流限值540～800 mA：5)當輸入電壓100～260 V空載時功率消耗限值為2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當輸入電壓220 V，輸入電流12 mA時輸入功率為640 mW。輸出電壓5．1 V，輸出電流0．3 A時輸出功率為1 530 mW：7)平均效率為57％；8)測量過程中電流無倒灌現象。此測試結果表明本充電器完全符合國家標準。

　　利(li)用高壓模塊和充電(dian)管(guan)理模塊為外部數碼產品充電(dian)，并且給出充電(dian)過程(cheng)中電(dian)壓和電(dian)流的測試數據及其變(bian)化趨勢。

　　1)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)市電(dian)利用標準(zhun)USB給(gei)外部數碼產品充電(dian)，電(dian)池為910mAh，每隔l min記(ji)一次電(dian)壓和電(dian)流的變(bian)化(hua)，此實驗(yan)的數據(ju)如(ru)表(biao)1。充電(dian)過(guo)(guo)程電(dian)壓電(dian)流變(bian)化(hua)趨(qu)勢如(ru)圖3所示，從(cong)圖3中可明顯(xian)看出，充電(dian)過(guo)(guo)程的電(dian)壓由(you)開始5．28 V逐漸(jian)