充電器的分類：用有、無工頻（50赫茲）變壓器區分，可分為兩大類。貨運三輪充電器一般使用帶工(gong)頻變壓器的充電(dian)(dian)機，體積大、重量大，費電(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)可靠，便宜(yi)；電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車和(he)電(dian)(dian)摩則使用所謂開關電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)式充電(dian)(dian)器，省電(dian)(dian)，效率高，但是(shi)易壞(huai)。

     開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)式充電(dian)(dian)器的正確(que)操作是：充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，先插電(dian)(dian)池，后(hou)(hou)加(jia)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)；充足后(hou)(hou)，先切斷市(shi)電(dian)(dian)，后(hou)(hou)拔電(dian)(dian)池插頭。如(ru)果在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)先拔電(dian)(dian)池插頭，特別是充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大（紅(hong)燈）時(shi)(shi)，非常容易損壞充電(dian)(dian)器。

       常用的開關電源式充電器又分半橋式和單激式兩大類，單激類又分為正激式和反激式兩類。半橋式成本高，性能好，常用于帶負脈沖的充電器；單(dan)激(ji)式成(cheng)本低，市場占有率(lv)高。

       關于負脈沖充電器

       鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池已經(jing)有100多年的(de)歷史了，開始全球普遍沿引老的(de)觀點和操(cao)作(zuo)規程：充(chong)、放電(dian)(dian)率為(wei)0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)池容量)壽命較長。美(mei)國人麥(mai)斯先(xian)生為(wei)解(jie)決快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)問題，1967年向全世界公布了他的(de)研究成果(guo)，用大于1C率脈沖電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)間歇時(shi)對電(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)有利于消(xiao)除(chu)極化、降低(di)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液溫度、提高極板(ban)接受電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)能力。

       我國一些科技(ji)工作者在1969年前(qian)后，根據麥斯先(xian)生的三(san)定律(lv)制作成功了多種品牌的快(kuai)速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環過程是(shi)：大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→切斷充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通路→對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池短暫放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→停止放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)→接通充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通路→大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈沖充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)……

       2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，不切斷(duan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻將電(dian)(dian)(dian)池短(duan)路(lu)(lu)瞬間(jian)，進行放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。短(duan)路(lu)(lu)時(shi)由于不切斷(duan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)，在充電(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)中串連了電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)。一般在1秒內短(duan)路(lu)(lu)3－5毫(hao)秒（1秒＝1000毫(hao)秒），由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)里的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)不能跳變(bian)，短(duan)路(lu)(lu)時(shi)間(jian)短(duan)促，可以保護充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)轉(zhuan)換部分。如果(guo)把充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向(xiang)叫(jiao)正，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)自(zi)然為負了，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車業就出現了名(ming)詞“負脈沖充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器”，而且稱(cheng)可以延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命(ming)等等。

       關于三段式充電器

       近幾年，電(dian)(dian)動車普(pu)遍使用了所謂三(san)段(duan)(duan)(duan)式充電(dian)(dian)器，第(di)(di)一個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒(heng)(heng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)二個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)涓流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。從電(dian)(dian)子技術(shu)角度針對電(dian)(dian)池而(er)言：第(di)(di)一個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)充電(dian)(dian)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)二個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)高恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)三(san)個(ge)(ge)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)低恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)時，面板指示燈相應變換(huan)，大(da)(da)多數充電(dian)(dian)器第(di)(di)一、二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅燈，第(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)變綠燈。第(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)的相互轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)是由(you)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)決(jue)定的，大(da)(da)于某(mou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進入第(di)(di)一第(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于某(mou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)進入第(di)(di)三(san)階(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)。這(zhe)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，也叫(jiao)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。

       早期充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，包(bao)括名牌(pai)車配套的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，雖然(ran)也變(bian)燈(deng)，但(dan)實際是恒壓限流充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，并不(bu)是三階(jie)段充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)。一般這(zhe)類(lei)就一個穩定電(dian)(dian)壓值，44.2V左(zuo)右，對(dui)當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)高比重(zhong)硫(liu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池還(huan)湊合(he)。

       關(guan)(guan)于三(san)段式充電(dian)器(qi)的三(san)個關(guan)(guan)鍵參(can)數(shu)

       第(di)(di)一個重(zhong)(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)是涓流(liu)階段(duan)的(de)低恒壓值，第(di)(di)二(er)個重(zhong)(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)是第(di)(di)二(er)階段(duan)的(de)高(gao)恒壓值，第(di)(di)三(san)個重(zhong)(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)是轉換電流(liu)。這(zhe)三(san)個重(zhong)(zhong)要參(can)數(shu)與電池數(shu)目有關，與電池的(de)容(rong)量(liang)Ah有關，與溫度有關，與電池種類(lei)有關。為(wei)了方便大家記憶，下面以最常見的(de)電動(dong)自行(xing)車充電器（三(san)塊12V串(chuan)聯的(de)10Ah電池）所(suo)用的(de)三(san)段(duan)式(shi)充電器為(wei)例簡(jian)單介(jie)紹一下：

       首先討論(lun)涓流階段(duan)的低(di)恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)，參考電壓(ya)為(wei)42.5V左(zuo)右。此(ci)(ci)值(zhi)高將使電池(chi)(chi)失(shi)水，容易(yi)使電池(chi)(chi)發熱變形；此(ci)(ci)值(zhi)低(di)不利(li)于(yu)電池(chi)(chi)充(chong)足電。此(ci)(ci)值(zhi)在(zai)南方要(yao)低(di)于(yu)41.5V；膠體電池(chi)(chi)要(yao)低(di)于(yu)41.5V，如在(zai)南方還要(yao)低(di)一(yi)點兒。這個參數(shu)是相(xiang)對嚴(yan)格(ge)的，不可以大于(yu)參考值(zhi)。

       其次(ci)討論第(di)(di)二(er)階段的高(gao)恒壓值，參考電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為44.5V左右。此值高(gao)有(you)利(li)于(yu)快速充足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是容易使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水(shui)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)后期電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)下不(bu)來，結果使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)熱變形；此值低不(bu)利(li)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速充足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，有(you)利(li)于(yu)向涓流(liu)階段轉換。這個值雖然沒有(you)第(di)(di)一個值那樣(yang)嚴格，但是也不(bu)要過(guo)高(gao)。

       最后(hou)討論轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)流，參考電(dian)(dian)流為(wei)300毫安左右。此(ci)值高(gao)有(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽命，不(bu)(bu)容易發熱(re)變形(xing)，但(dan)不(bu)(bu)利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)快速充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)；此(ci)值低（對(dui)外行）有(you)利(li)于(yu)(yu)充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)，但(dan)是由于(yu)(yu)較長時間高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，容易使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)失水，使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發熱(re)變形(xing)。特別個別電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)出現問題(ti)時，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流降不(bu)(bu)到轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)流以下時，會連累好電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)也被充(chong)壞。給出的參考值有(you)一定范(fan)圍，正負50毫安甚(shen)至100毫安都是允(yun)許的，但(dan)是不(bu)(bu)允(yun)許小于(yu)(yu)200毫安。

       目前(qian)，市(shi)場上出現了很多高恒壓(ya)值為(wei)46.5V、低恒壓(ya)值為(wei)41.5V、轉折電流大(da)于500毫安的(de)反激(ji)式廉價充電器。

       如果是四塊12V電池的充電器即48V充電器，前兩(liang)個參(can)數為前述電壓參(can)考值除以三(san)乘以四。高恒壓值為59.5V左(zuo)右、低恒壓值為56.5V左(zuo)右。

       電(dian)(dian)池如果(guo)比(bi)10Ah大，將第三(san)個參數電(dian)(dian)流值(zhi)適當增大，例如17Ah電(dian)(dian)池可大到500毫安。

       買新充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)要(yao)(yao)檢查三段式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)三個(ge)重要(yao)(yao)參數，用戶一般可以自己(ji)測(ce)得(de)第(di)三階段的(de)低恒壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)。方(fang)法是，不接電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，給充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)加市電(dian)(dian)，用數字萬用表(biao)的(de)200V直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)檔測(ce)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。另兩個(ge)參數高恒壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)和轉折電(dian)(dian)流一般需(xu)要(yao)(yao)專用工具(ju)才能測(ce)得(de)。

       再(zai)(zai)補(bu)充(chong)一些正確的充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方法：1，變綠燈后再(zai)(zai)接著充(chong)2－3小時(shi)。2，原則是淺放(fang)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）勤充(chong)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)），就(jiu)是騎行不足夠遠，也(ye)要(yao)及時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，避免放(fang)光再(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。3，長期(qi)不騎，要(yao)定(ding)期(qi)（2－3個月）充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一次(ci)。4，長期(qi)淺放(fang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，3個月左(zuo)右，作一次(ci)深放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是所謂(wei)放(fang)光再(zai)(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，有(you)利于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池深部的長期(qi)不動的物質的活化。放(fang)光的意思是，騎到(dao)控制器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池欠壓保護動作為(wei)止(zhi)。

       需要(yao)(yao)提醒客戶幾(ji)點：1，一(yi)般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池投入(ru)使用(yong)8－10個月后，要(yao)(yao)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池進(jin)行(xing)檢查和維護(hu)。2，一(yi)般名牌車配(pei)套的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是經過篩選的(de)，通常不(bu)用(yong)測試，但是單獨到(dao)市場上(shang)采購的(de)非(fei)配(pei)套充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)前述三個參數的(de)測試。3，有一(yi)種不(bu)帶工頻變(bian)壓器的(de)可(ke)(ke)控(kong)硅充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，直接整流市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可(ke)(ke)到(dao)30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可(ke)(ke)調，未徹底切斷(duan)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前，千萬不(bu)要(yao)(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，貨(huo)運(yun)三輪使用(yong)這(zhe)類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)客戶特別要(yao)(yao)注意安全。