鋰離子電池簡介、組成、原理、種類、優缺點及如何使用
1.1 鋰離子電(dian)池簡(jian)介(jie)
1.1.1 鋰離子電池(Li-ion Batteries)是(shi)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)發展而來(lai)。在介紹(shao)Li-ion之(zhi)前(qian)(qian)，應先介紹(shao)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。舉例來(lai)講，以前(qian)(qian)照(zhao)相機里用的扣式電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)就屬 于鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的正(zheng)極材料(liao)是(shi)二(er)氧(yang)化錳或亞硫酰氯，負(fu)極是(shi)鋰(li)。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)裝 完成后電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)即有電(dian)(dian)壓,不需充電(dian)(dian).這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)也可(ke)能充電(dian)(dian),但循環性能不好,在 充放電(dian)(dian)循環過程中,容易形成鋰(li)枝晶,造成電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)內(nei)部短路,所(suo)以一般情況下(xia)這(zhe) 種電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)禁止充電(dian)(dian)的。
1.1.2 后來，日本索尼公司發明了以炭材料為負極，以含鋰的化合物作正極，在充放電過程中，沒有金屬鋰存在，只有鋰離子，這就是鋰離子電 池。當(dang)對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)充(chong)電(dian)時(shi)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)正極上有鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)生成，生成的(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)經過 電(dian)解液(ye)運動到負極。而作為負極的(de)(de)碳呈層狀結構，它有很多微(wei)孔(kong)，達到負極 的(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)就(jiu)嵌(qian)入到碳層的(de)(de)微(wei)孔(kong)中(zhong)，嵌(qian)入的(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)越(yue)(yue)多，充(chong)電(dian)容(rong)量越(yue)(yue)高(gao)。同樣， 當(dang)對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)進行(xing)放電(dian)時(shi)(即我們使用電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)過程)，嵌(qian)在負極碳層中(zhong)的(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi) 脫出， 又(you)運動回正極。回正極的(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)越(yue)(yue)多，放電(dian)容(rong)量越(yue)(yue)高(gao)。
1.1.3 我們通常所(suo)說的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量指的(de)就(jiu)(jiu)是放電(dian)(dian)容量。在(zai) Li-ion 的(de)充放電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中(zhong)，鋰離(li)子處于從(cong)正極→負極→正極的(de)運(yun)動狀態。Li-ion Batteries 就(jiu)(jiu)像一把搖(yao)椅(yi)，搖(yao)椅(yi)的(de)兩(liang)端為電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)兩(liang)極，而鋰離(li)子就(jiu)(jiu)象運(yun)動員 一樣在(zai)搖(yao)椅(yi)來回奔跑(pao)。所(suo)以 Li-ion Batteries 又叫搖(yao)椅(yi)式電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。
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1.2. 鋰離子(zi)電池的組成(cheng)
1.2.1 鋼(gang)殼(ke)/鋁殼(ke)系(xi)列：
(1)電池上下蓋
(2)正極——活性物質(zhi)一(yi)般為氧化鋰鈷
(3)隔膜——一種(zhong)特(te)殊的復合(he)膜
(4)負(fu)極——活(huo)性物質為碳
(5)有機電解液
(6)電池殼(分(fen)為鋼殼和鋁殼兩種)
1.2.2 軟包裝(zhuang)系列
(1)正極——活性物質(zhi)一般(ban)為(wei)氧化鋰鈷
(2)隔膜——PP 或者 PE 復合膜
(3)負(fu)極——活性(xing)物質為碳
(4)有機電解液
(5)電池殼——鋁(lv)塑復合膜
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1.3. 鋰離(li)子電池原理
1.3.1 鋰系電池分為鋰電池和鋰離子電(dian)池。目前手機(ji)和筆記(ji)本電(dian)腦使用
的(de)(de)都是(shi)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，通常(chang)人(ren)們(men)俗稱其為(wei)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。 手機(ji)等(deng) PDA 產(chan)(chan)品(pin)使用(yong)的(de)(de)是(shi) 鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，而真正(zheng)的(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)由于危(wei)險(xian)性大(da)，沒(mei)有應(ying)用(yong)于日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)。 鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)以碳素材(cai)料(liao)為(wei)負極(ji)(ji)，以含鋰(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)化合(he)物(wu)作(zuo)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)，沒(mei)有金屬鋰(li)(li)(li)存 在，只有鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，這就(jiu)是(shi)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)指以鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)嵌(qian)(qian)入(ru)(ru)(ru)化合(he)物(wu) 為(wei)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)材(cai)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)總稱。鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充放電(dian)(dian)過程，就(jiu)是(shi)鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)嵌(qian)(qian)入(ru)(ru)(ru)和脫(tuo) 嵌(qian)(qian)過程。在鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)嵌(qian)(qian)入(ru)(ru)(ru)和脫(tuo)嵌(qian)(qian)過程中，同時(shi)伴(ban)隨著與鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)等(deng)當量電(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de) 嵌(qian)(qian)入(ru)(ru)(ru)和脫(tuo)嵌(qian)(qian)(習慣上(shang)正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)用(yong)嵌(qian)(qian)入(ru)(ru)(ru)或(huo)脫(tuo)嵌(qian)(qian)表示，而負極(ji)(ji)用(yong)插(cha)入(ru)(ru)(ru)或(huo)脫(tuo)插(cha)表示)。 在充放電(dian)(dian)過程中，鋰(li)(li)(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在正(zheng)、負極(ji)(ji)之間(jian)往(wang)返嵌(qian)(qian)入(ru)(ru)(ru)/脫(tuo)嵌(qian)(qian)和插(cha)入(ru)(ru)(ru)/脫(tuo)插(cha)，被(bei)形 象地稱為(wei)“搖(yao)椅電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”。
1.3.2 鋰離子電(dian)池能量(liang)密度大，平均(jun)輸出(chu)電(dian)壓高。自(zi)放電(dian)小(xiao)，每月在(zai)
10%以下。沒(mei)有(you)記(ji)憶效應。工作溫度范圍寬為-20℃～60℃。循環(huan)性能優越、 可快速充放電、充電效率(lv)高達(da) 100%，而且輸出功(gong)率(lv)大(da)。使(shi)用壽命長。沒(mei)有(you) 環(huan)境污染，被稱為綠(lv)色(se)電池。
1.3.3 充(chong)電是電池重復使用的(de)重要步驟，鋰(li)離(li)子電池的(de)充(chong)電過(guo)程分(fen)
為兩個(ge)階段(duan)：恒(heng)流(liu)快(kuai)充(chong)階段(duan)(指(zhi)示燈呈(cheng)紅色或黃色)和恒(heng)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)遞減(jian)階段(duan)(指(zhi) 示燈呈(cheng)綠色)。恒(heng)流(liu)快(kuai)充(chong)階段(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)步升高到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)標準(zhun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，隨后(hou) 在控(kong)制芯片下轉(zhuan)入恒(heng)壓(ya)階段(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不(bu)再升高以確保不(bu)會(hui)過(guo)充(chong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)則隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)上升逐(zhu)步減(jian)弱(ruo)到 0，而(er)最終完(wan)成充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)統計(ji)芯片通過(guo)記錄(lu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 曲(qu)線可(ke)以抽樣計(ji)算出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)。鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在多次使用后(hou)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線會(hui)發 生改變，鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)雖然不(bu)存在記憶效應，但是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)當會(hui)嚴重影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)性 能。
鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)池過度(du)(du)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)會對(dui)正負(fu)極造(zao)成永久(jiu)性損壞。過度(du)(du)放電(dian)(dian)導(dao)致(zhi)負(fu)極 碳片層結(jie)構出現塌陷，而塌陷會造(zao)成充(chong)電(dian)(dian)過程中鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)無法(fa)插入;過度(du)(du)充(chong)電(dian)(dian) 使過多的鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)嵌(qian)入負(fu)極碳結(jie)構，而造(zao)成其中部(bu)分鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)再(zai)也(ye)無法(fa)釋放出
1.3.4 充電(dian)量等于充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)乘以充電(dian)時間，在充電(dian)控(kong)制電(dian)壓一定(ding)
的(de)情況下，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流越大(充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速度(du)越快(kuai))，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)量越小。電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)速度(du) 過快(kuai)和(he)終止電(dian)壓控制點不(bu)當，同樣會造成電(dian)池容量不(bu)足，實際是(shi)電(dian)池的(de)部分 電(dian)極活(huo)性物質沒有得(de)到充(chong)(chong)分反應就(jiu)停(ting)止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，這種充(chong)(chong)電(dian)不(bu)足的(de)現象隨著(zhu)循環(huan) 次數的(de)增加(jia)而加(jia)劇。
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1.4. 鋰離子電(dian)池的種類
1.4.1 不可(ke)充(chong)電(dian)的鋰電(dian)池有(you)多種，目(mu)前常(chang)用的有(you)鋰-二氧化錳電(dian)池、鋰
—亞硫酰氯(lv)電池及鋰和其它(ta)化合物電池。
1) 鋰-二氧化錳(meng)電池(Li MnO2)
鋰-二氧化(hua)錳電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)一種以(yi)鋰為(wei)(wei)陽極、以(yi)二氧化(hua)錳為(wei)(wei)陰極，并(bing)采用(yong)有機 電(dian)(dian)解液的一次(ci)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。該電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的主要(yao)特點是(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)壓高，額定電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei) 3V(是(shi) 一般(ban)堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的 2 倍(bei));終止放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei) 2V;比能(neng)(neng)量大(見(jian)上(shang)面舉(ju)的例(li)子); 放(fang)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓穩定可靠;有較好(hao)的儲存性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(儲存時間 3 年以(yi)上(shang))、自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)低(年 自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)率(lv)≤2%);工作溫度范(fan)圍(wei)-20℃～+60℃。
該(gai)電(dian)池(chi)可以(yi)做成不同的外形(xing)以(yi)滿(man)足不同要求，它有長(chang)方形(xing)、圓柱形(xing)及紐 扣(kou)形(xing)(扣(kou)式)。
2)可充電鋰(li)離子電池
可(ke)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)目前(qian)手機中應(ying)用最廣泛的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，但它(ta)較為“嬌氣(qi)”， 在(zai)(zai)使用中不可(ke)過(guo)充(chong)、過(guo)放(會損壞電(dian)(dian)池(chi)或(huo)使之(zhi)報廢)。因(yin)此，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)上(shang)有保(bao)護 元器件或(huo)保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)路以防止昂貴的電(dian)(dian)池(chi)損壞。 鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)要求很高(gao)，要 保(bao)證終止電(dian)(dian)壓精(jing)度(du)在(zai)(zai) 1%之(zhi)內，目前(qian)各大(da)半導體器件廠(chang)已開發出(chu)多種鋰離子(zi) 電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的 IC，以保(bao)證安(an)全、可(ke)靠、快速地充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。
1.4.2 根(gen)據鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)所(suo)用電(dian)(dian)解質材料不同，鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)可以分為液
態鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電池(chi)(lithium ion battery, 簡稱(cheng)為(wei) LIB)和聚(ju)(ju)合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電池(chi)(p olymer lithium ion battery, 簡稱(cheng)為(wei) LIP)兩大(da)類(lei)。聚(ju)(ju)合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電池(chi)所 用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)正負極材(cai)料與(yu)液(ye)態鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)都(dou)是(shi)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)(de)，電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作原(yuan)理也基本一致。 它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)主要區別在(zai)于電解(jie)質的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同, 液(ye)態鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電池(chi)使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)液(ye)體電解(jie)質, 而(er)聚(ju)(ju)合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電池(chi)則以固體聚(ju)(ju)合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)電解(jie)質來代替, 這種聚(ju)(ju)合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)可以是(shi) “干態”的(de)(de)(de),也可以是(shi)“膠態”的(de)(de)(de),目前大(da)部(bu)分采用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)膠體電解(jie)質。聚(ju)(ju) 合(he)物(wu)(wu)(wu)鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電池(chi)可分為(wei)三類(lei)：
(1)固體聚合(he)(he)物電解質鋰離子(zi)電池。電解質為(wei)聚合(he)(he)物與(yu)鹽(yan)的混合(he)(he)物， 這種電池在常溫(wen)下的離子(zi)電導(dao)率低，適于高溫(wen)使(shi)用。
(2)凝膠聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。即在固(gu)體(ti)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質中(zhong)加(jia)入增 塑劑(ji)等(deng)添加(jia)劑(ji)，從(cong)而提(ti)(ti)(ti)高離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導率(lv)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可(ke)(ke)(ke)在常溫下使用(yong)。 (3)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)物(wu)正(zheng)極材料(liao)(liao)的鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。采(cai)用(yong)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)物(wu)作為正(zheng)極材料(liao)(liao)， 其比能量是(shi)現有鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的 3 倍，是(shi)最(zui)新(xin)一代的鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。由于(yu)用(yong)固(gu) 體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質代替了(le)液體(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解質,與液態鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池相比，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)物(wu)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池具 有可(ke)(ke)(ke)薄(bo)形(xing)化(hua)(hua)、任意面積化(hua)(hua)與任意形(xing)狀化(hua)(hua)等(deng)優點，也不會產生漏液與燃燒爆 炸等(deng)安全上的問(wen)題(ti)，因此可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)用(yong)鋁塑復合(he)(he)薄(bo)膜制造電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池外殼(ke)，從(cong)而可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)提(ti)(ti)(ti) 高整個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的比容(rong)量;聚(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)物(wu)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池還可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)高分子(zi)(zi)(zi)作正(zheng)極材料(liao)(liao)， 其質量比能量將會比目前(qian)的液態鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池提(ti)(ti)(ti)高 50%以(yi)上。
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此外,聚合物鋰離子電(dian)池在工作電(dian)壓、充(chong)放電(dian)循環壽命等方面都比鋰離子電(dian)池有所提高。
基于以上(shang)優(you)點，聚(ju)合物鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)被(bei)譽為下一(yi)代鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。 聚(ju)合物鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)(Lithium ion polymer)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，具有更高(gao)能量密度、小型(xing)(xing)化(hua)、薄型(xing)(xing)化(hua)、 輕量化(hua)、高(gao)安全性、長循環壽命與低成本的(de)新(xin)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)。因此，在未來 2～3 年內(nei)，聚(ju)合物鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)取代鋰(li)(li)(li)(li)離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)市場的(de)份(fen)額將達 50%。
1.4.3 當前手(shou)機(ji)已(yi)被廣泛使用(yong)(yong)，早期的手(shou)機(ji)中(zhong)多使用(yong)(yong)鎳氫(qing)電池(chi)，但(dan)靈
巧型的(de)(de)(de)手機則是鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。正確地使用鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)對延長(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)壽命是十分 重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是目前應用最(zui)為廣泛的(de)(de)(de)鋰(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，它根(gen)據不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)產(chan)品(pin) 的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求可以做成扁(bian)平長(chang)(chang)方(fang)(fang)形、圓柱形、長(chang)(chang)方(fang)(fang)形及扣式，并且有由幾個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)串 聯在(zai)一起(qi)組成的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組。 鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為 3.6V(有的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)為 3.7 V)。充滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的(de)(de)(de)終止(zhi)(zhi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)陽(yang)(yang)極材(cai)料有關：陽(yang)(yang)極材(cai)料為石墨的(de)(de)(de) 4.2 V;陽(yang)(yang)極材(cai)料為焦炭(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de) 4.1V。不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)陽(yang)(yang)極材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)阻(zu)也不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)，焦炭(tan)(tan)陽(yang)(yang)極的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)阻(zu) 略大，其放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線也略有差別。一般稱為 4.1V 鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)及 4.2V 鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 池(chi)(chi)(chi)。現(xian)在(zai)使用的(de)(de)(de)大部分是 4.2V 的(de)(de)(de)，鋰(li)(li)(li)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)終止(zhi)(zhi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為 2.5V～2. 75V(電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)廠給出工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)范(fan)圍或給出終止(zhi)(zhi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，各參數(shu)略有不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong))。低(di) 于終止(zhi)(zhi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)繼續放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)稱為過放，過放對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)是有損害的(de)(de)(de)。
1.4.4 鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池不(bu)適(shi)合(he)用作大電(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)，過大電(dian)(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)會降低放(fang)
電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(內部會產(chan)生(sheng)較高的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)而損(sun)(sun)耗能(neng)量(liang))。因此電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)產(chan)工廠(chang)給出(chu)最(zui)大放(fang) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，在(zai)使用中(zhong)應小于最(zui)大放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。 鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)對(dui)溫(wen)度(du)(du)有一定要(yao)求(qiu)， 工廠(chang)給出(chu)了充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)范(fan)圍(wei)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)溫(wen)度(du)(du)范(fan)圍(wei)及(ji)保(bao)存溫(wen)度(du)(du)范(fan)圍(wei)。 鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)對(dui) 充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)是(shi)很高的(de)(de)，它要(yao)求(qiu)精(jing)密的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路以保(bao)證充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)安全。終止充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)精(jing)度(du)(du)允(yun)差(cha)為(wei)額定值的(de)(de)_1%(例如(ru):充(chong)(chong) 4.2V 的(de)(de)鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，其允(yun)差(cha)為(wei)_0.0 42V)，過壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)會造成鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)永久性(xing)損(sun)(sun)壞。鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流應根據 電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)產(chan)廠(chang)家的(de)(de)建(jian)議，并(bing)要(yao)求(qiu)有限流電(dian)(dian)(dian)路以免(mian)發生(sheng)過流(過熱)。一般常(chang)用的(de)(de) 充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率為(wei) 0.25C～1C(C 是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)，如(ru) C=800mAh，1C 充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)率即充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流 為(wei)800mA)。在(zai)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)往往要(yao)檢測(ce)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)溫(wen)度(du)(du)，以防止過熱損(sun)(sun)壞電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)或 產(chan)生(sheng)爆炸。
1.4.5 鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)分為兩個階段：先恒流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，到接近終止電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓時(shi)改
為(wei)恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi) 800mAh 容(rong)量的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為(wei)例，其終(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei) 4.2V。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)以(yi) 800mA(充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率為(wei) 1C)恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，開始(shi)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以(yi)較大(da)的(de)斜率升壓(ya)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya) 接近 4.2V 時(shi)，改成 4.2V 恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)漸降(jiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變化不(bu)大(da)，到充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)降(jiang)為(wei) 1/10C(約 80mA)時(shi)，認為(wei)接近充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿，可以(yi)終(zhong)止充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(有的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)到 1/10C 后(hou)(hou)啟動(dong) 定(ding)時(shi)器(qi)，過一定(ding)時(shi)間后(hou)(hou)結(jie)束充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))。 鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中若發生過充(chong)(chong)(chong)、 過放或過流(liu)時(shi)，會(hui)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)損壞或降(jiang)低使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)。
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1.5. 鋰離子電池優(you)缺點
1.5.1 鋰離子電池具有以下優點(dian)：
1. 電壓高，單體電池的(de)(de)工作電壓高達 3.6-3.9V，是 Ni-Cd、 Ni-H 電池的(de)(de) 3 倍
2. 比(bi)(bi)能(neng)量大，目前能(neng)達到的實際比(bi)(bi)能(neng)量為(wei) 100-125Wh/kg 和 240-300Wh/L(2 倍于(yu) Ni-Cd，1.5 倍于(yu) Ni-MH),未(wei)來隨著技術發展, 比(bi)(bi)能(neng)量可(ke)高(gao)達 150Wh/kg 和 400 Wh/L
3. 循(xun)環壽命長,一般(ban)均可達到(dao) 500 次(ci)以上,甚至 1000 次(ci)以上.對于小電(dian)(dian) 流放(fang)電(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)器,電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的使用期(qi)限 將倍增電(dian)(dian)器的競爭力.
4. 安全(quan)性能好,無公(gong)害,無記憶效(xiao)應.作為Li-ion前身的鋰(li)電(dian)池(chi),因金屬 鋰(li)易形成枝晶發生短路,縮(suo)減了其應用領域：Li-ion中不含鎘、鉛、汞等對(dui) 環境有污染的元(yuan)素：部分工藝(如燒結式(shi))的Ni-Cd電(dian)池(chi)存(cun)在的一大弊病為 “記憶效(xiao)應”，嚴重束縛電(dian)池(chi)的使用，但Li-ion根本(ben)不存(cun)在這方(fang)面的問題。
5. 自(zi)放電(dian)小，室溫下(xia)充滿(man)電(dian)的(de) Li-ion 儲存 1 個月后的(de)自(zi)放電(dian)率為 10%左右，大大低于 Ni-Cd 的(de) 25-30%，Ni、MH 的(de) 30-35%。
6. 可快速充放電，1C 充電是容量(liang)可以(yi)達到標稱容量(liang)的(de) 80%以(yi)上。
7. 工作(zuo)溫(wen)度(du)范圍高，工作(zuo)溫(wen)度(du)為-25~45_C，隨著電解質(zhi)和正極(ji)的 改進，期望(wang)能擴寬到-40~70_C。
1.5.2.鋰離子(zi)電池也(ye)存在著(zhu)一定(ding)的缺(que)點(dian)
1. 電(dian)池成本較(jiao)高。 主(zhu)要(yao)表現(xian)在正極材料 LiCoO2 的價格高 (Co 的資(zi)源較(jiao)少)，電(dian)解質體(ti)系提純困難。
2. 不(bu)能大(da)電(dian)(dian)流放電(dian)(dian)。 由(you)于有機電(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)體系等原因(yin)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)內阻相對
其他類(lei)電(dian)(dian)池大。故要求較小(xiao)的放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流密度，一(yi)般放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流在 0.5C 以下， 只適(shi)合于中(zhong)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)流的電(dian)(dian)器(qi)使用。
3. 需要保護線路(lu)控(kong)制 。
A. 過充保(bao)護：電池過充將(jiang)破壞(huai)正極結構而影響(xiang)性能和壽(shou)命;同(tong)時(shi)過充 電使電解液分解，內(nei)部壓(ya)力過高而導致漏液等問題;故必須(xu)在 4.1V-4.2V 的 恒(heng)壓(ya)下充電;
B. 過放保護(hu)：過放會導(dao)致活性(xing)物質的恢(hui)復(fu)困難，故也需要有保護(hu)線路 控制。
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4)充電電池定義
充電電池(chi)(chi)(chi)又稱：蓄(xu)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)、二次電池(chi)(chi)(chi)，是可以反復充電使用的電池(chi)(chi)(chi)。常見 的有：鉛酸電池(chi)(chi)(chi)(用于(yu)汽(qi)車時，俗(su)稱“電瓶(ping)”)、鎘(ge)鎳(nie)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)、氫鎳(nie)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)、鋰 離(li)子電池(chi)(chi)(chi)。
5)電池的額定容量
電(dian)池的(de)額定(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)指在(zai)一定(ding)(ding)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)條件(jian)下，電(dian)池放(fang)(fang)電(dian)至截(jie)止電(dian)壓(ya)時(shi)放(fang)(fang)出的(de)電(dian) 量(liang)。IEC 標準(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)鎳鎘和鎳氫電(dian)池在(zai) 20_5℃環(huan)境下，以(yi) 0.1C 充電(dian) 16 小時(shi) 后(hou)以(yi) 0.2C 放(fang)(fang)電(dian)至 1.0V 時(shi)所放(fang)(fang)出的(de)電(dian)量(liang)為電(dian)池的(de)額定(ding)(ding)容(rong)量(liang)。單(dan)位有 Ah, mAh (1Ah=1000mAh)
1.6. 如何正確使用鋰離子電池.
正確使用(yong)鋰離子電池應(ying)注意以下幾點：
避免在嚴酷(ku)條件下使用，如：高(gao)溫(wen)、高(gao)濕度、夏日陽光下長時間(jian)暴曬等， 避免將電池(chi)投入(ru)火中;
裝、拆電池時，應確(que)保用電器具處于電源關閉狀態(tai);使(shi)用溫度應保持在 -20~55℃之(zhi)間;
避免將電池長時(shi)間“存放”在停止使用(yong)的用(yong)電器具(ju)中;
1.6.1.如(ru)何為(wei)新電(dian)池充電(dian),
在使(shi)用鋰(li)(li)(li)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)中應(ying)注意的(de)(de)是，電池(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)置(zhi)一段時間(jian)后則進入休(xiu)眠狀態，此 時容(rong)量(liang)低(di)于正常(chang)(chang)值(zhi)，使(shi)用時間(jian)亦隨之縮(suo)短(duan)。但(dan)鋰(li)(li)(li)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)很容(rong)易激(ji)活，只(zhi)要經過 3—5次正常(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)充放(fang)電循環(huan)就可激(ji)活電池(chi)(chi)(chi)，恢復正常(chang)(chang)容(rong)量(liang)。由于鋰(li)(li)(li)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)本(ben)身 的(de)(de)特(te)性，決定了它幾(ji)乎沒有記憶效應(ying)。因此用戶手機中的(de)(de)新鋰(li)(li)(li)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)在激(ji)活過
程中(zhong)，是不需要特別的(de)方法和設備的(de)。不僅理(li)論上是如此，從我自己的(de)實(shi)踐
來看，從一開(kai)始就(jiu)采用標準方(fang)法充(chong)電這種“自然激活”方(fang)式是最好的。
對于(yu)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“激(ji)活(huo)”問題，眾(zhong)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)是(shi)(shi)：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)間一定要(yao)超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo) 12 小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)，反復做(zuo)三(san)次(ci)，以便激(ji)活(huo)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。這(zhe)種(zhong)“前三(san)次(ci)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)要(yao)充(chong) 12 小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)以上(shang)” 的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)，明顯是(shi)(shi)從鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(如鎳(nie)鎘和鎳(nie)氫)延續下來的(de)(de)(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)。所以這(zhe)種(zhong)說(shuo)(shuo)法(fa)， 可(ke)(ke)以說(shuo)(shuo)一開(kai)始就是(shi)(shi)誤(wu)傳。鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)特(te)性有非常大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)區別(bie)，而 且可(ke)(ke)以非常明確的(de)(de)(de)(de)告訴大(da)家(jia)，在所查閱過(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴肅(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)且正式的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術資料中都(dou)強 調過(guo)(guo)充(chong)和過(guo)(guo)放電(dian)(dian)會對鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、特(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)液(ye)體(ti)鋰(li)(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)造成巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傷害(hai)。因(yin)而 充(chong)電(dian)(dian)最好按照標準時(shi)間和標準方法(fa)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)不要(yao)進行超(chao)(chao)過(guo)(guo) 12 個小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de) 超(chao)(chao)長充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。
此外，鋰(li)電(dian)池或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器在(zai)(zai)電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿(man)后都(dou)會自動停(ting)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，并不存在(zai)(zai)鎳電(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian) 器所謂的持(chi)續 10 幾(ji)小時的“涓(juan)流”充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)。也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)說，如(ru)果(guo)你的鋰(li)電(dian)池在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong) 滿(man)后，放在(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)器上也(ye)是(shi)(shi)白充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。而我們誰(shui)都(dou)無法(fa)保證電(dian)池的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放電(dian)保護電(dian)路(lu)
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的特性永不變化和(he)質量的萬無一失(shi)，所以你的電池將長(chang)期處在(zai)危險的邊緣徘 徊(huai)。這(zhe)也是我們反對長(chang)充電的另一個理由。
此外(wai)，不可忽(hu)視的另外(wai)一個方面就是鋰電池(chi)同樣(yang)(yang)也不適合過(guo)放(fang)電，過(guo)放(fang) 電對(dui)鋰電池(chi)同樣(yang)(yang)也很不利(li)。
1.6.2、正(zheng)常使用中(zhong)應(ying)該何時開(kai)始(shi)充電
經常可(ke)以見到這(zhe)種(zhong)說(shuo)法，因(yin)為充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的次數是有限的，所以應該將(jiang)手(shou)機 電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)(dian)盡可(ke)能用光再充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。但(dan)是我找到一個關于(yu)鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環的 實驗表，關于(yu)循(xun)環壽命的數據列(lie)出如(ru)下(xia):
循環壽命 (10%DOD):>1000 次
循環(huan)壽(shou)命 (100%DOD):>200 次
DOD 是放電深度的英文縮寫。從表中可見，可充電次數和放電深度 有關，10%DOD 時的循環壽命要比 100%DOD 的要長很多。當然如果折合到實 際充電的相對總容量：10%*1000=100，100%*200=200，后者的完全充放電還 是要比較好一些，但前面網友的那個說法要做一些修正：在正常情況下，你 應該有保留地按照電池剩余電量用完再充的原則充電，但假如你的電池在你 預計第 2 天不可能堅持整個白天的時候，就應該及時開始充電，當然你如果 愿意背著充電器到辦公室又當別論。
電(dian)(dian)池剩余電(dian)(dian)量用(yong)(yong)完再充(chong)的(de)原則并(bing)不(bu)是要你(ni)走向極端。和(he)長充(chong)電(dian)(dian)一樣流傳(chuan)(chuan) 甚廣(guang)的(de)一個說法，就是“盡(jin)量把電(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)量用(yong)(yong)完”。這種做法其實只是鎳電(dian)(dian) 池上的(de)做法，目的(de)是避免(mian)記憶(yi)效應(ying)發(fa)生，不(bu)幸的(de)是它也在鋰電(dian)(dian)池上流傳(chuan)(chuan)之今。 曾(ceng)經有人(ren)因為手機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)量過(guo)(guo)低的(de)警告出現后(hou)，仍(reng)然不(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)繼續使用(yong)(yong)一直用(yong)(yong) 到(dao)自動關機(ji)(ji)的(de)例(li)子。結果(guo)這個例(li)子中的(de)手機(ji)(ji)在后(hou)來的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)及(ji)開機(ji)(ji)中均無反 應(ying)，不(bu)得(de)不(bu)送客服(fu)檢修。這其實就是由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池因過(guo)(guo)度放電(dian)(dian)而(er)導致(zhi)電(dian)(dian)壓過(guo)(guo)低， 以至于(yu)不(bu)具備正常的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和(he)開機(ji)(ji)條件(jian)造(zao)成的(de)。
本文摘自于(yu)全球電池網