鉛酸電池成(cheng)本低、技術成(cheng)熟(shu)、使(shi)用(yong)性能穩(wen)定、原料來源(yuan)豐富、鉛回收(shou)率高成(cheng)為(wei)各電動車生產商(shang)的首選，與鉛酸電池相對應(ying)的充電器也繁榮于市場。

　　目前市場(chang)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)設(she)計方案大致有(you)兩類：第(di)一類是二(er)階段式，即先恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)隨鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上(shang)升而(er)逐漸減少(shao)（即充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)先大后(hou)小），當(dang)鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到一定(ding)程(cheng)度(du)后(hou)，鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)也會上(shang)升至充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)設(she)定(ding)值(zhi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)紅色指示(shi)二(er)極管(guan)(guan)熄(xi)(xi)滅，綠色指示(shi)二(er)極管(guan)(guan)隨即點亮，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器自動轉入第(di)二(er)階段的(de)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；第(di)二(er)類是三階段式，即先恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，而(er)后(hou)恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，當(dang)鉛(qian)(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)上(shang)升至充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)設(she)定(ding)值(zhi)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)紅色指示(shi)二(er)極管(guan)(guan)熄(xi)(xi)滅，綠色指示(shi)二(er)極管(guan)(guan)隨即點亮，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器自動轉入第(di)三階段的(de)涓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　從以(yi)(yi)上(shang)設(she)計(ji)方案可(ke)知：無論是(shi)兩階段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還是(shi)三階段式(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最后階段都(dou)是(shi)涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)證明：對(dui)(dui)鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)適當時間的(de)(de)涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不僅是(shi)更(geng)進一步(bu)充(chong)(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，更(geng)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)修復和保養，防止鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)形成不可(ke)逆的(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽化，簡稱“硫(liu)化”。實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)驗證，一般以(yi)(yi) 2~3小(xiao)時的(de)(de)涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為宜，過(guo)充(chong)(chong)或充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足都(dou)會嚴重(zhong)危害鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)正極板，大大縮短鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)使用壽(shou)命。筆者針對(dui)(dui)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況，自(zi)制了(le)(le)一款簡易的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)定(ding)時插座(zuo)(zuo)，該智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)定(ding)時插座(zuo)(zuo)能(neng)(neng)對(dui)(dui)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)最后階段涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)進行(xing)定(ding)時，當涓(juan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)浮(fu)(fu)充(chong)(chong)到達設(she)定(ding)值后，智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)定(ding)時插座(zuo)(zuo)自(zi)動(dong)切(qie)斷(duan)(duan)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)及自(zi)身的(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，結束充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，不必再人工(gong)斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。本人將(jiang)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)定(ding)時插座(zuo)(zuo)應(ying)用于自(zi)己森地牌YBC-48L型(xing)（14Ah）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，深感方便。隨后相繼給許多親戚(qi)朋友(you)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)也設(she)計(ji)制作了(le)(le)同樣的(de)(de)定(ding)時插座(zuo)(zuo)，通過(guo)使用，大家都(dou)覺得既延長鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)使用壽(shou)命，也免除了(le)(le)天天人工(gong)斷(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)之苦。

　　一、智能充電器(qi)定時插(cha)座(zuo)如何工作

　　智能定時(shi)插(cha)座的電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)見圖1，共由交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)關、電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脫(tuo)鉤線圈驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、定時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)4部分組(zu)成。將該電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)插(cha)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)插(cha)頭，按下交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)關S1按鈕，接通220V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)即(ji)可開(kai)始工作。220V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)路(lu)(lu)經(jing)14V電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)變壓器T降壓、橋式整(zheng)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)整(zheng)流(liu)、濾(lv)(lv)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)容 C1濾(lv)(lv)波、三端穩(wen)壓集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)IC1穩(wen)壓、濾(lv)(lv)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C2濾(lv)(lv)波產生穩(wen)定的+12V直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，該+12V分三路(lu)(lu)輸(shu)出：（1）經(jing)R4加(jia)(jia)到(dao)LED2作+12V直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)工作指示。（2）經(jing)R3、VD2、LED3串聯穩(wen)壓后經(jing)C3濾(lv)(lv)波加(jia)(jia)到(dao)穩(wen)壓調(diao)整(zheng)管VT4基極，使VT4將+12V穩(wen)壓為2.1V，由VT4發(fa)射極輸(shu)出，該 2.1V經(jing)C4濾(lv)(lv)波后加(jia)(jia)到(dao)石(shi)英(ying)小(xiao)(xiao)鬧(nao)鐘電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)正負極為其提供直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)（提示一(yi)點：2.1V高了(le)些(xie)，石(shi)英(ying)小(xiao)(xiao)鬧(nao)鐘走時(shi)稍(shao)快一(yi)些(xie)，定時(shi)值按4~5小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)即(ji)可）。（3）加(jia)(jia)到(dao)開(kai)關S1的電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脫(tuo)鉤線圈上。

　　220V交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)另(ling)一路經(jing)定(ding)時(shi)插(cha)座加到(dao)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，當(dang)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)還未轉(zhuan)入浮充充電(dian)(dian)狀態時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)紅(hong)燈LED1得(de)電(dian)(dian)發(fa)光，LED1兩端(duan)的(de)2V電(dian)(dian)壓經(jing)插(cha)頭 P1、插(cha)孔(kong)J1、電(dian)(dian)阻R2加到(dao)VT3基極，VT3飽(bao)和導(dao)通(tong)，將(jiang)2.1V穩(wen)壓調整管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)VT4基極短路到(dao)地，穩(wen)壓調整管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)VT4截(jie)止，石(shi)(shi)英(ying)小鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)無直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供給而不(bu)工作，當(dang)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)轉(zhuan)入涓電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)浮充充電(dian)(dian)階段時(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)紅(hong)色二極管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)LED1兩端(duan)變為零電(dian)(dian)壓熄(xi)滅(mie)（充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)綠(lv)色二極管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)則發(fa)光），此時(shi)VT3也因基極零電(dian)(dian)壓而截(jie)止，電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)調整管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)VT4正常導(dao)通(tong)，輸(shu)出2.1V直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，石(shi)(shi)英(ying)小鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)得(de)電(dian)(dian)開始計時(shi)，當(dang)計時(shi)到(dao)預先設(she)定(ding)值時(shi)，石(shi)(shi)英(ying)小鬧(nao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)輸(shu)出低電(dian)(dian)平音(yin)(yin)頻脈沖訊響信(xin)號(hao)，該低電(dian)(dian)平音(yin)(yin)頻脈沖信(xin)號(hao)通(tong)過VT2放(fang)大整流(liu)(liu)(liu)經(jing)電(dian)(dian)容C5濾波輸(shu)出一直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓，使VT1飽(bao)和導(dao)通(tong)，開關S1電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)脫(tuo)鉤(gou)線圈得(de)電(dian)(dian)產(chan)生磁(ci)力，使開關按(an)鈕脫(tuo)鉤(gou)跳開，斷開交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，從而實現自動(dong)結束充電(dian)(dian)。

　　二、元件選擇

　　元件選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)原理圖(tu)上的標注：VT1、VT3、VT4 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)S8050 型三極管，VT2 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)S8550 型三極管，IC1選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)LM7812，VD1 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)IN4148 型二極管，VD2～D6選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)IN4007型二極管，LED1、 LED2選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)普(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)紅色發光(guang)二極管，LED3 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)普(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)綠色發光(guang)二極管，R1選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)2kΩ 普(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，R2 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)10kΩ普(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，R3、R4 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)1kΩ 普(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，開關(guan)S1 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)KDC-A01-06Y 型的，P1和J1 分別選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)普(pu)(pu)(pu)(pu)通(tong)(tong)單聲道(dao)耳機插(cha)頭、插(cha)孔。變壓器T 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)3W/14V 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源變壓器， C1 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)1000μF/25V 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，C2、C3、C4 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)470μF/25V電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)， C5 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)47μF/25V 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)。實物如圖(tu)2所示。焊好的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)見圖(tu)3。

　　三(san)、智能定時(shi)插座的安(an)裝與使用說明

　　筆者利(li)用(yong)萬能印制板來焊(han)接(jie)(jie)本定(ding)時插座(zuo)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)，安裝時注意，一定(ding)要將石英小鬧鐘內(nei)的小揚(yang)聲(sheng)器(qi)拆除，小揚(yang)聲(sheng)器(qi)正極所(suo)(suo)接(jie)(jie)位(wei)置接(jie)(jie)三(san)極管(guan)VT2發射極，小揚(yang)聲(sheng)器(qi)負極所(suo)(suo)接(jie)(jie)位(wei)置接(jie)(jie)三(san)極管(guan)VT2基極，引線見圖4。本人焊(han)接(jie)(jie)成(cheng)的定(ding)時插座(zuo)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)與充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)連接(jie)(jie)如圖5所(suo)(suo)示。

　　在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前，先將定時(shi)(shi)值設好(hao)(hao)，將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)控制信(xin)號輸出插頭(tou)P1和定時(shi)(shi)控制信(xin)號引入(ru)(ru)插孔(kong)J1連(lian)接好(hao)(hao)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)與蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶連(lian)好(hao)(hao)，插好(hao)(hao)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插頭(tou)，最(zui)后按(an)下開關S1按(an)鈕，智能定時(shi)(shi)插座會自動(dong)(dong)在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)轉入(ru)(ru)浮充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態時(shi)(shi)開始計時(shi)(shi)，并在(zai)定時(shi)(shi)值達到時(shi)(shi)結束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當(dang)(dang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)瓶出問題（比如過度失水）而無法轉入(ru)(ru)浮充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態時(shi)(shi)，將充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)插頭(tou)P1和定時(shi)(shi)插座間的(de)插孔(kong)J1斷開，定時(shi)(shi)插座則通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始計時(shi)(shi)， 當(dang)(dang)定時(shi)(shi)值達到時(shi)(shi)自動(dong)(dong)結束充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。