充電器(Charger)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)種為蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置提供能量(liang)的(de)(de)設備，廣泛用于手(shou)機(ji)、相(xiang)機(ji)、MP3、MP4等常見數碼(ma)(ma)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)。市(shi)場(chang)上的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)配(pei)售充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，使(shi)用市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)些沒有(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)場(chang)合或者電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)插座(zuo)不兼容、偏遠地(di)區、旅(lv)行(xing)中，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)沒有(you)任何電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)情況(kuang)下(xia)不方便充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)，設計的(de)(de)多源(yuan)數碼(ma)(ma)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)在任何情況(kuang)下(xia)進行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)：沒有(you)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)用2節1．5 V干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，沒有(you)干(gan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池也可(ke)(ke)用3．7 V內(nei)部蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即使(shi)沒有(you)任何充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備，也可(ke)(ke)以(yi)用手(shou)壓(ya)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)來(lai)給數碼(ma)(ma)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)上介紹的(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)本充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)特(te)別(bie)之處，也是(shi)(shi)(shi)該設計的(de)(de)特(te)別(bie)之處：即隨時(shi)隨地(di)給數碼(ma)(ma)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

　　1 設計要求

　　參照國(guo)家有(you)關標準，移動通信手持機(ji)充電器(qi)應符合如下要求：

　　1)輸(shu)入電(dian)壓(ya) 交(jiao)流充(chong)電(dian)器輸(shu)入額度交(jiao)流電(dian)壓(ya)范圍應為100～240 V，容差為±10％。

　　2)輸(shu)出電壓 充電器的(de)額度輸(shu)出電壓應為直流5 V，容差(cha)為±5％。

　　3)輸出(chu)電流 充(chong)電器的額(e)度輸出(chu)電流范(fan)圍應為300～1 800 mA。

　　4)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)波(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen) ①輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)流波(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)：輸(shu)入電(dian)壓(90～264 V)時(shi)，模擬負(fu)載上的電(dian)壓范圍(wei)(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)波(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)極限小于(yu)等(deng)于(yu)100 mA峰值(zhi)。②輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)壓波(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)：輸(shu)入電(dian)壓(90～264 V)時(shi)，模擬負(fu)載上的電(dian)壓范圍(wei)(wei)(1．50～4．75 V)，輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)波(bo)(bo)(bo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)極限小于(yu)等(deng)于(yu)200 mV峰值(zhi)。③短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)流：輸(shu)入電(dian)壓(90～264V)時(shi)，負(fu)載短(duan)路(lu)，短(duan)路(lu)電(dian)流限值(zhi)小于(yu)950 mA。

　　5)電(dian)流倒灌 在(zai)任何(he)情況下，無論充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)是否(fou)插上電(dian)源，由手持機測流向充(chong)電(dian)器(qi)的電(dian)流應不(bu)大于(yu)5 mA。

　　6)無負載能量消耗輸入(ru)電壓(100～240 V)時，負載開路，輸出波紋極(ji)限小于300 mW。

　　7)充電器(qi)(qi)平均效率(lv) 充電器(qi)(qi)平均效率(lv)應不小于(yu)50％。

　　8)干電池充電設計要求 充電電流不(bu)高于200 mA。

　　2 系統整體設計

　　充電(dian)器分為高(gao)壓、充電(dian)管理、升壓、邏輯(ji)控制照明(ming)燈(deng)、內部蓄電(dian)池(chi)、干電(dian)池(chi)、手動按(an)壓等(deng)功能模(mo)塊。系(xi)統(tong)整(zheng)體結構框(kuang)圖(tu)如圖(tu)1所示。

　　2．1 高壓模塊

　　該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路接通(tong)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)220 V經(jing)整流(liu)(liu)(liu)橋后(hou)，形成直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，經(jing)C1，C2濾(lv)波后(hou)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)經(jing)開(kai)關變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)1，2引腳(jiao)施加(jia)到三(san)(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)C極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，同時該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)三(san)(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(B)提供一個正向偏置電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，使(shi)三(san)(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2導通(tong)。R4，無極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C4和肖特基(ji)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD3起保(bao)護作(zuo)(zuo)用。此時振(zhen)蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路開(kai)始工作(zuo)(zuo)，開(kai)關變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)l，2腳(jiao)中(zhong)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)通(tong)過(guo)，在變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)3，4腳(jiao)的(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R12加(jia)到三(san)(san)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，使(shi)VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)導通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)加(jia)大，迅(xun)速進(jin)入飽(bao)和區。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)大于0．5 A，U2導通(tong)，把VQ2的(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)拉(la)低，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(C)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)開(kai)始減(jian)少，變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)T1的(de)1，2引腳(jiao)產生的(de)磁通(tong)量(liang)也開(kai)始減(jian)少。VQ3部(bu)分為(wei)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)作(zuo)(zuo)用，當R23，R24增大時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)減(jian)少，減(jian)少時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)增大。TL431為(wei)恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)源，輸出(chu)穩定的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)5 V，使(shi)光(guang)耦工作(zuo)(zuo)，這(zhe)樣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)才不斷的(de)產生振(zhen)蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，在變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)Tl的(de)6引腳(jiao)感(gan)應出(chu)一個5 V的(de)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，經(jing)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管VD4整流(liu)(liu)(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)C4，C5濾(lv)波后(hou)，通(tong)過(guo)標準(zhun)USB為(wei)外部(bu)數碼(ma)產品充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。圖(tu)(tu)2為(wei)高壓(ya)(ya)模塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路圖(tu)(tu)。

　　2．2 充電管理器件BQ2057

　　此充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器中，接通市電(dian)后(hou)為(wei)(wei)內部蓄(xu)電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的同時，此器件的輸出電(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)4．2 V，從而通過(guo)SMT插座(zuo)為(wei)(wei)外(wai)部數碼產(chan)品充(chong)(chong)電(dian)。在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程中，電(dian)流(liu)開始恒流(liu)并且逐漸下降，而電(dian)壓(ya)逐漸上升(sheng)最(zui)后(hou)恒壓(ya)。電(dian)流(liu)接近零時，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)完(wan)成。

　　2．3 邏(luo)輯控制照明燈模塊

　　當接入干(gan)電池時(shi)，按一下開關燈亮，再按一下燈滅。這(zhe)個模塊里的燈為手電筒用于照明，其電流不超過200 mA。

　　3 PCB設計

　　通常的充電器都為(wei)(wei)單(dan)面板，并且體積比(bi)較(jiao)小，而研(yan)制的充電器為(wei)(wei)雙面板，考慮(lv)到充電器外殼的形狀和大小，所(suo)以(yi)元(yuan)器件(jian)貼片的較(jiao)多(duo)；因為(wei)(wei)有手壓裝置(zhi)(zhi)，所(suo)以(yi)要(yao)注(zhu)意元(yuan)器件(jian)的擺放(fang)位置(zhi)(zhi)。

　　4 數據測量

　　根(gen)據(ju)國家標(biao)準的(de)要求，在實驗中：1)當輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范圍在90～264 V之間時(shi)(shi)(shi)，空載時(shi)(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)在4．77～4．96 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流在O．31～0．32 A；2)在測(ce)試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流波(bo)紋(wen)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，噪聲很少(shao)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)90～260 V時(shi)(shi)(shi)模(mo)擬負(fu)載上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流波(bo)紋(wen)限(xian)值(zhi)150 mA／5．6 Ω～160 mA／11 Ω；3)在測(ce)試(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波(bo)紋(wen)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)90～260 V時(shi)(shi)(shi)模(mo)擬負(fu)載上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)1．49～4．75 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波(bo)紋(wen)限(xian)值(zhi)150～160 mV；4)當輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)9～260 V負(fu)載短路(lu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，短路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流限(xian)值(zhi)540～800 mA：5)當輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)100～260 V空載時(shi)(shi)(shi)功率(lv)(lv)消耗限(xian)值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)2．9 mA×100 V～1 mAx240 V；6)當輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)220 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流12 mA時(shi)(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)入(ru)功率(lv)(lv)為(wei)(wei)640 mW。輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)5．1 V，輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流0．3 A時(shi)(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)出功率(lv)(lv)為(wei)(wei)1 530 mW：7)平均效率(lv)(lv)為(wei)(wei)57％；8)測(ce)量過程中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流無倒灌現象。此測(ce)試(shi)結(jie)果(guo)表明(ming)本充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器完全符(fu)合(he)國家標(biao)準。

　　利用高壓(ya)模塊和充電(dian)管理模塊為外部數碼產品充電(dian)，并且給出充電(dian)過程中電(dian)壓(ya)和電(dian)流(liu)的測(ce)試數據及其變化趨勢(shi)。

　　1)通過(guo)市電利用標(biao)準(zhun)USB給(gei)外部數碼產品充電，電池為(wei)910mAh，每(mei)隔l min記一次電壓和(he)電流的變(bian)化(hua)(hua)，此實驗的數據如(ru)表1。充電過(guo)程電壓電流變(bian)化(hua)(hua)趨勢如(ru)圖3所示，從圖3中可明顯看出(chu)，充電過(guo)程的電壓由開始(shi)5．28 V