太陽能手機充電器的制作方法 本文介紹一種太陽能手機充電器，它使用太陽能(neng)(neng)電(dian)池板，經電(dian)路進行直流電(dian)壓變換后給手(shou)機(ji)電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)，并能(neng)(neng)在電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)完成后自動停止充(chong)電(dian)。

    太陽能(neng)手(shou)(shou)機充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)及工作原(yuan)理 太陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在使用時(shi)由(you)于(yu)太陽光的(de)變化(hua)較大，其內阻又比較高，因此輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不穩定，輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)也小，這就(jiu)需要用一個直流(liu)變換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)變換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)后供手(shou)(shou)機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，直流(liu)變換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)見圖(tu)1，它是(shi)單管直流(liu)變換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，采(cai)用單端(duan)反激式變換器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)形式。當開關管VT1導通(tong)時(shi)，高頻變壓(ya)器T1初級(ji)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)NP的(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)1正2負，次級(ji)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)Ns為(wei)5正6負，整流(liu)二極管VD1處于(yu)截止狀態，這時(shi)高頻變壓(ya)器T1通(tong)過初級(ji)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)Np儲(chu)存(cun)能(neng)量；當開關管VT1截止時(shi)，次級(ji)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)Ns為(wei)5負6正，高頻變壓(ya)器T1中存(cun)儲(chu)的(de)能(neng)量通(tong)過VD1整流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容C3濾波后向負載輸出。

   電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路工作(zuo)原理簡述(shu)如下： 三極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)VT1為(wei)開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源管(guan)，它和(he)T1、R1、R3、C2等組(zu)成自激(ji)式振蕩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。加(jia)上輸(shu)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源后，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)經(jing)啟動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R1流(liu)(liu)(liu)向(xiang)VT1的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1導通(tong)(tong)。 VT1導通(tong)(tong)后，變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)初(chu)級(ji)線(xian)圈Np就加(jia)上輸(shu)入(ru)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，其集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)Ic在Np中線(xian)性增(zeng)長，反(fan)(fan)饋(kui)線(xian)圈Nb產生3正(zheng)4負的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1得到基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)正(zheng)，發射極(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)負的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)反(fan)(fan)饋(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)經(jing)C2、R3向(xiang)VT1注入(ru)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1的(de)(de)(de)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)進一步增(zeng)大(da)(da)，正(zheng)反(fan)(fan)饋(kui)產生雪崩(beng)過程，使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1飽(bao)和(he)導通(tong)(tong)。在VT1飽(bao)和(he)導通(tong)(tong)期間，T1通(tong)(tong)過初(chu)級(ji)線(xian)圈Np儲存(cun)磁能。 與此同時，感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)給C2充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，隨(sui)著C2充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)高(gao)，VT1基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位逐(zhu)漸變(bian)低，當VT1的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)變(bian)化不能滿足其繼續(xu)飽(bao)和(he)時，VT1 退出(chu)飽(bao)和(he)區進入(ru)放大(da)(da)區。 VT1進入(ru)放大(da)(da)狀(zhuang)態(tai)后，其集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)由(you)放大(da)(da)狀(zhuang)態(tai)前的(de)(de)(de)最大(da)(da)值(zhi)下降，在反(fan)(fan)饋(kui)線(xian)圈Nb產生3負4正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)VT1基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)減(jian)小，其集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)隨(sui)之(zhi)減(jian)小，正(zheng)反(fan)(fan)饋(kui)再一次出(chu)現(xian)雪崩(beng)過程，VT1迅(xun)速截(jie)止。

    VT1截止后(hou)(hou)，變壓(ya)器T1儲存的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量提供給負(fu)載，次(ci)級(ji)線圈Ns產生的(de)(de)(de)5負(fu)6正的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)經(jing)(jing)二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)VD1整流濾波(bo)后(hou)(hou)，在(zai)C3上(shang)得到(dao)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)給手機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 在(zai)VT1截止時，直(zhi)流供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輸(shu)人(ren)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)Nb感應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)3負(fu)4正的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)又(you)經(jing)(jing)R1、R3給C2反向充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)提高(gao)VT1基(ji)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位，使其重(zhong)新導(dao)通(tong)，再次(ci)翻轉達到(dao)飽和(he)狀態，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)就這(zhe)樣重(zhong)復振蕩下去(qu)。 R5、R6、VD2、VT2等組成限壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，以保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)不被過(guo)(guo)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)里以3.6V手機電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)例(li)，其充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)4.2V。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)逐(zhu)漸(jian)(jian)上(shang)升，當充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)大于4.2V時，經(jing)(jing)R5、R6分壓(ya)后(hou)(hou)穩壓(ya)二極(ji)(ji)管(guan)VD2開(kai)始導(dao)通(tong)，使VT2導(dao)通(tong)，VT2的(de)(de)(de)分流作(zuo)用減(jian)小了(le)(le)VT1的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，從而減(jian)小了(le)(le)VT1的(de)(de)(de)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流Ic，達到(dao)了(le)(le)限制輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。這(zhe)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)停(ting)止了(le)(le)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，用小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)維持在(zai)4.2V。

    元器件(jian)選擇和(he)安裝調試 VT1要(yao)求Icm＞0.5A，hEF為(wei)50-100，可用(yong)(yong)2SC2500、2SC1008等，VD1為(wei)穩(wen)(wen)壓值(zhi)為(wei)3V的(de)穩(wen)(wen)壓二極管。 高頻變壓器T1要(yao)自制，用(yong)(yong)E16的(de)鐵氧體磁芯，Np用(yong)(yong)φ0.21漆包(bao)線(xian)繞(rao)26匝，Nb用(yong)(yong)φ0.21漆包(bao)線(xian)繞(rao)8匝，Ns用(yong)(yong)φ0.41漆包(bao)線(xian)繞(rao)15匝。繞(rao)制時要(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)各線(xian)圈的(de)起始(shi)端不(bu)(bu)要(yao)搞(gao)錯(cuo)，以免電路不(bu)(bu)起振(zhen)或輸出電壓不(bu)(bu)正常(chang)。

    組裝時(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)兩塊(kuai)磁芯間墊一層厚度約(yue)為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.03mm的塑料薄膜(mo)作(zuo)磁芯氣隙。 太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池板使(shi)用4塊(kuai)面積為(wei)(wei)(wei)6cm×6cm的硅太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池板，其(qi)空載(zai)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)4V，當(dang)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)40mA時(shi)(shi)(shi)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)3V。由于直(zhi)流(liu)變換器的工(gong)作(zuo)效率隨著(zhu)輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的的增(zeng)高(gao)而增(zeng)高(gao)，因(yin)此4塊(kuai)太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池板串聯(lian)后使(shi)用，這時(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的輸(shu)(shu)入電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)(wei)(wei)12V。讀(du)者(zhe)可根據你(ni)能購到(dao)的太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池板規格決(jue)定使(shi)用的數量(liang)和聯(lian)接方法。 其(qi)它(ta)元件的參數見(jian)圖(tu)1。 印(yin)刷電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)板見(jian)圖(tu)2，尺寸為(wei)(wei)(wei)45×26mm2。 安裝完成后，接上太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)池板，并將其(qi)放在(zai)陽(yang)光(guang)下，空載(zai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)約(yue)為(wei)(wei)(wei)4.2V，當(dang)空載(zai)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高(gao)于4.2V時(shi)(shi)(shi)可適當(dang)減小R5的阻值,反之增(zeng)加R5的阻值。電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)跟太(tai)(tai)(tai)陽(yang)光(guang)的強(qiang)弱有(you)關，正常時(shi)(shi)(shi)約(yue)為(wei)(wei)(wei)40mA，這時(shi)(shi)(shi)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)約(yue)為(wei)(wei)(wei)85mA。