鋰離子電池為便攜式醫療設備供能的優勢
消費電子產(chan)品(pin)以及許多其他行(xing)業(ye)都越來(lai)越講(jiang)究產(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)移動(dong)(dong)性,醫(yi)療(liao)器(qi)(qi)械制造(zao)商也(ye)不例外,這樣的(de)(de)趨勢提高了(le)現場救助(zhu)設備(bei)、監控設備(bei)和固定醫(yi)療(liao)設備(bei)的(de)(de)性能,進(jin)而(er)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)了(le)醫(yi)療(liao)保健(jian)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)發展。不過除了(le)便(bian)攜(xie)性以外,醫(yi)療(liao)器(qi)(qi)械制造(zao)商當然還希望(wang)能夠制造(zao)出可靠性高的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)械,因為人(ren)們的(de)(de)生命往往命懸一線。手機壞(huai)了(le)固然是惱人(ren)的(de)(de)事,但如果便(bian)攜(xie)式心臟監控儀或(huo)者輸液泵由(you)于電池耗盡而(er)停止運作,終端(duan)用戶――及病人(ren)――面臨的(de)(de)問(wen)題則嚴重得多。 一種能量(liang)密度更高的(de)(de)技術可以釋放比其它同類產(chan)品(pin)更多的(de)(de)能量(liang),且體積更小。
幾年前,醫療專業人員還無法將救助生命的設備帶到現場;因為那時便攜式儀器的技術尚未成熟。但如今,大量的監控儀器、超聲設備和輸液泵可在遠離醫院的場所使用――甚至戰場。便攜式設備的移動越來越方便。正是由于諸如鋰離子電池等技術的(de)應(ying)用(yong),重達(da)50磅的(de)笨重除顫器才可(ke)以被更輕便、更緊湊的(de)用(yong)戶友好型裝置取代,也(ye)不(bu)會造成醫護人員肌肉的(de)拉(la)傷。
病(bing)人的(de)(de)(de)移(yi)動(dong)性也變得越來越重(zhong)要。如今的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)人可能會(hui)從放射科(ke)轉移(yi)到重(zhong)癥監護病(bing)房(fang),從救(jiu)護車轉移(yi)到急救(jiu)室,或(huo)用救(jiu)護車從一家(jia)醫(yi)院轉移(yi)到另一家(jia)醫(yi)院。同樣地,便攜(xie)式(shi)家(jia)用儀(yi)器(qi)和(he)移(yi)動(dong)式(shi)監控設備的(de)(de)(de)普(pu)及,使病(bing)人可以(yi)待在喜歡的(de)(de)(de)地方,而并不(bu)一定要留在醫(yi)療機(ji)構中。便攜(xie)式(shi)醫(yi)療器(qi)械必須真(zhen)正實現完全意義上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)便攜(xie),為病(bing)人提(ti)供最佳服務。
對(dui)(dui)更(geng)(geng)小型、更(geng)(geng)輕便的(de)(de)醫(yi)療(liao)器(qi)械的(de)(de)需求也因此顯(xian)著增加,這(zhe)大大激發(fa)了人們對(dui)(dui)更(geng)(geng)高能量密度(du)、更(geng)(geng)小巧(qiao)的(de)(de)電(dian)池組的(de)(de)興趣。筆記本電(dian)腦和手機使用(yong)的(de)(de)鋰離子電(dian)池技術(shu)已經有了許(xu)多突(tu)破(po),醫(yi)療(liao)設備設計工(gong)程師可以對(dui)(dui)此加以創新(xin)利用(yong)。
與其(qi)它傳統技術(shu)相(xiang)比,鋰(li)離子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)在便攜式醫療設備(bei)的應用(yong)中具有很多優勢。這(zhe)包括(kuo)能量密度更(geng)高、重(zhong)量更(geng)輕、循環壽命更(geng)長、電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量保持特(te)性更(geng)好,以及適(shi)用(yong)溫度范圍更(geng)廣。
由(you)于化學性(xing)質(zhi)獨特,鋰離子(zi)技術對設計方面(mian)的(de)(de)限(xian)制與先(xian)前的(de)(de)電池(chi)技術如鎳氫(qing)化合物(NiMH)、鎳鎘(NiCd)和密封鉛酸(SLA)不(bu)同(tong)。同(tong)時,醫療設備在某些方面(mian)比消費電子(zi)產品有(you)更嚴格的(de)(de)操作要求;由(you)于可靠(kao)性(xing)非常(chang)重(zhong)要,因此需要有(you)功能強(qiang)大的(de)(de)電池(chi)組,帶有(you)精(jing)確電量監測且(qie)可靠(kao)的(de)(de)電池(chi)。
本文結合醫療器械(xie)的要求及鋰離(li)子技術(shu)的特(te)性,概(gai)述了便攜式電(dian)源系(xi)統設計的注意事(shi)項。并(bing)比較(jiao)了鋰離(li)子電(dian)池和(he)(he)其它化(hua)學電(dian)池的特(te)性和(he)(he)容量。
能量密度和電壓
鋰離子電池技術的主要優勢在于其能量密度的顯著提高。相同體積和重量時,鋰離子電池可儲存和釋放的(de)能(neng)量(liang)比其它充電電池更高。能(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度(du)(du)以體積(ji)和質量(liang)兩(liang)種方式測(ce)量(liang)。鋰離子(zi)技(ji)術(shu)現(xian)可以提供近(jin)500Wh/L的(de)體積(ji)能(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度(du)(du)和200Wh/kg的(de)質量(liang)能(neng)量(liang)密(mi)度(du)(du)(見圖1)。
圖(tu)1.鋰離子的能量密度遠高于鎳化合物(wu)。
與其(qi)它(ta)技(ji)術相比,鋰離(li)子可以(yi)釋放更(geng)(geng)(geng)多的能(neng)量(liang),而且體積更(geng)(geng)(geng)小(xiao),質量(liang)更(geng)(geng)(geng)輕。鋰離(li)子電池(chi)的工作電壓比其(qi)它(ta)充電電池(chi)更(geng)(geng)(geng)高(gao),通常約(yue)為(wei)3.7V,而NiCd或NiMH電池(chi)為(wei)1.2V。這意味著需要使(shi)用多節(jie)其(qi)它(ta)電池(chi)時,僅需一節(jie)鋰離(li)子電池(chi)即可滿足使(shi)用要求(qiu)。便攜式儀器設計中使(shi)用的電池(chi)能(neng)量(liang)密度(du)越高(gao),其(qi)產品的體積越小(xiao),便攜性也越好。
電池組體積(ji)的縮小表示工程師可以(yi)利用(yong)多余空間,在同一產品(pin)中增添更(geng)多新(xin)功能(見圖2)。
圖2.鋰(li)離子電池(chi)有圓柱形(xing)(xing)和(he)棱柱形(xing)(xing)兩種形(xing)(xing)狀,可制成不(bu)同尺(chi)寸和(he)容量的電池(chi)。
自放電
充電(dian)電(dian)池的(de)容(rong)量(liang)會不斷(duan)損失(shi)。該現象即(ji)稱為自放電(dian)。但若(ruo)儲存得當,其損失(shi)的(de)大部分(fen)容(rong)量(liang)仍(reng)可恢復(fu)。
所有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)均應(ying)(ying)在(zai)室溫(25°C或更(geng)低(di))下(xia)儲(chu)存,以(yi)保持(chi)最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)。終端(duan)用戶須將(jiang)SLA電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放在(zai)低(di)溫下(xia)儲(chu)存,并盡可(ke)能(neng)每(mei)次充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)接近其(qi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)100%,以(yi)保持(chi)最(zui)佳性(xing)能(neng)。密(mi)封鉛電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)25°C下(xia)放置6個(ge)(ge)月(yue)后自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)約為(wei)(wei)(wei)20%;但40°C放置6個(ge)(ge)月(yue)后該值則(ze)增加到約30%。NiMH電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)也應(ying)(ying)遵循類似的(de)(de)(de)建議,避(bi)免長(chang)期(qi)儲(chu)存使反(fan)應(ying)(ying)物失活。NiCd和NiMH電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)25°C下(xia)放置1個(ge)(ge)月(yue),其(qi)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)約為(wei)(wei)(wei)20%,隨后自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)增速(su)顯著(zhu)減慢(man)。相反(fan),當鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)儲(chu)存時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)30-50%時(shi),可(ke)獲得最(zui)佳循環壽命(ming)。鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)25°C儲(chu)存6個(ge)(ge)月(yue)后的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)僅為(wei)(wei)(wei)10%。
倍率特性
選擇材料時(shi),應考慮(lv)到其終端裝置的涌流和最大(da)放電率。電池(chi)或電池(chi)組(zu)以高倍率放電會造成電壓下降(jiang)。如(ru)果(guo)設計時(shi)沒有考慮(lv)到這方面,終端裝置可能(neng)會由(you)于電壓不(bu)足而關(guan)閉。
高(gao)(gao)倍(bei)率(lv)的NiCd電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的連(lian)(lian)續(xu)放電(dian)率(lv)可(ke)達2C(電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)額(e)定容量的兩(liang)倍(bei))甚至(zhi)(zhi)更高(gao)(gao),具體取(qu)決(jue)于(yu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)原料及內部阻(zu)抗。許多(duo)SLA電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的連(lian)(lian)續(xu)放電(dian)率(lv)可(ke)達3C甚至(zhi)(zhi)更高(gao)(gao)。大部分(fen)的鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的連(lian)(lian)續(xu)放電(dian)率(lv)僅為1C,但(dan)采用該技術的新電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi),其(qi)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)放電(dian)率(lv)極(ji)高(gao)(gao),達到80A,可(ke)持續(xu)30秒,在與NiCd和SLA電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的競(jing)爭中具有(you)很(hen)大的優勢。
循環壽命
電(dian)池(chi)的循(xun)環壽命(ming)是(shi)電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量下降到其(qi)原(yuan)始容(rong)量的某一規定百(bai)分比之前,電(dian)池(chi)所(suo)經歷的充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)循(xun)環次(ci)數。鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池(chi)的循(xun)環壽命(ming)約為(wei)250至500次(ci),具(ju)體(ti)取(qu)決于制造商(shang)的產品質量和(he)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)深度(放(fang)(fang)電(dian)容(rong)量最多至額(e)定容(rong)量的60%)。NiCd、NiMH和(he)鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)通常可耐受500-700次(ci)充放(fang)(fang)電(dian)循(xun)環,其(qi)容(rong)量僅下降為(wei)額(e)定容(rong)量的80%。不管(guan)使(shi)用何種化學物質,電(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)深度越深,用戶可使(shi)用的循(xun)環次(ci)數就(jiu)越少。
充(chong)電差異
鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式不同于(yu)其它電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。SLA電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最好(hao)采用(yong)恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),速(su)率(lv)通(tong)常為額(e)定容量的(de)(de)1/10(C/10),充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間為14-16小(xiao)時,或(huo)涓流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速(su)率(lv)為C/20至C/30。NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)終止推薦采用(yong)-△V的(de)(de)方式,此時充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)到達峰值(zhi)。NiMH電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)由于(yu)其發熱的(de)(de)特(te)點(dian),充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中要(yao)求(qiu)采用(yong)溫(wen)度檢測,ΔT/Δt為其首選方式。特(te)制的(de)(de)快(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)式NiCd和NiMH電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)可在C/2-C/3的(de)(de)速(su)率(lv)下(xia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)4-6小(xiao)時。極低阻尼鎳(nie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)作為快(kuai)(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)一種,可在1C速(su)率(lv)下(xia)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)1小(xiao)時。最后(hou),鋰離子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)建議采用(yong)恒流(liu)/恒壓(ya)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(CC/CV)。
通常(chang),鋰離子電(dian)(dian)池供(gong)電(dian)(dian)的器械以1C的速率充(chong)電(dian)(dian)60-75分(fen)鐘至4.1V后,即可從原(yuan)來的低能狀態(tai)(tai)達到電(dian)(dian)量(liang)80-90%的狀態(tai)(tai)。其它電(dian)(dian)池,除可采(cai)用高(gao)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的特制電(dian)(dian)池外,同樣充(chong)電(dian)(dian)至80-90%時可能需要更多的時間。
鋰離(li)子電池還需慢充(chong)(chong)4-5小(xiao)時至4.2V,獲(huo)得剩余的(de)10-20%的(de)電量。這種充(chong)(chong)電方式有兩個好處。用戶可以在極短(duan)的(de)時間內獲(huo)得接近滿(man)充(chong)(chong)的(de)電量,且(qie)充(chong)(chong)電完成后(hou)的(de)實(shi)際電壓絕不(bu)會超過4.2V。
須注意(yi)的(de)是(shi)(shi):如果僅將鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)至4.1V而非4.2V,可延長其(qi)循環(huan)壽命;但(dan)其(qi)每(mei)次可用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量將會下降(jiang)。在(zai)某些醫(yi)療器(qi)械中電(dian)(dian)(dian)池是(shi)(shi)一種后備(bei)裝置,它(ta)始終保持充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)狀態,以(yi)(yi)保證隨(sui)(sui)時可用(yong)。鋰離(li)子的(de)化學性(xing)質(zhi)決定其(qi)不適合采用(yong)涓流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian);鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池不能(neng)采用(yong)恒定浮充(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。但(dan)有幾種方法可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)不損害電(dian)(dian)(dian)池或影響醫(yi)療器(qi)械的(de)基礎(chu)上,有效降(jiang)低鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池過度充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)可能(neng)性(xing)。方法之一是(shi)(shi)在(zai)觸發電(dian)(dian)(dian)池再次充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)確保電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)量至少為20%,隨(sui)(sui)后進(jin)行(xing)標準充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。鋰離(li)子技術與(yu)SLA相比顯著(zhu)提高了能(neng)量密度,在(zai)大多數情況(kuang)下足以(yi)(yi)防止(zhi)鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)量完全充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿。
安全電路
每種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技術均有其一整套(tao)安全(quan)考慮。NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組帶有某種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流分(fen)斷(duan)設(she)備以(yi)防止發生(sheng)嚴重故障,這是優秀的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)設(she)計必不可少的。NiMH具有發熱的化學(xue)性質,因此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中需配有熱量感應(ying)設(she)備,與充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器相聯系,防止過度(du)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組本身還帶有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流分(fen)斷(duan)設(she)備。在(zai)(zai)鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組中,一旦(dan)發生(sheng)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,即有鋰(li)金屬產生(sheng)。這說明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中應(ying)使(shi)用安全(quan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路,使(shi)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓保持在(zai)(zai)特(te)定的范圍(wei)內(nei)(見圖3)。
圖3.鋰(li)離(li)子電池組設計中(zhong)需要采用電子安全裝置。電池組內還包含(han)電量監測裝置和充電電路。
雖然SLA電(dian)池(chi)一(yi)般不(bu)需要外部(bu)安全(quan)元件,但許(xu)多醫(yi)療設備制造(zao)商仍堅持(chi)將(jiang)不(bu)可復位保(bao)險絲置于電(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)或周圍。由于大部(bu)分SLA電(dian)池(chi)都帶有(you)(you)突出(chu)的正負極板,如(ru)果(guo)沒有(you)(you)保(bao)險絲,當(dang)其置于金屬板上(shang)時(shi),就很容易發(fa)生短(duan)(duan)路(lu),而金屬板大量存在(zai)于醫(yi)療保(bao)健設備中。這些(xie)電(dian)池(chi)還可能(neng)出(chu)現其它短(duan)(duan)路(lu)的危(wei)險。如(ru)果(guo)發(fa)生短(duan)(duan)路(lu),裝置即有(you)(you)爆炸的可能(neng)。鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)組短(duan)(duan)路(lu)的危(wei)險較小,安全(quan)電(dian)路(lu)主(zhu)要用(yong)于保(bao)護電(dian)池(chi)。
在電池(chi)(chi)中(zhong)(zhong)加入安(an)全電路增(zeng)加了器械(xie)的(de)(de)成本,耗費了更多(duo)的(de)(de)空(kong)間。設計者必須認識(shi)到這些都是(shi)電池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)選擇過程中(zhong)(zhong)會考慮到的(de)(de)權衡因素。總的(de)(de)來說,盡管有(you)安(an)全電路的(de)(de)存在,鋰離子電池(chi)(chi)仍可以(yi)縮(suo)小(xiao)電池(chi)(chi)組(zu)體積,減輕(qing)其重(zhong)量,并能(neng)釋放更多(duo)的(de)(de)能(neng)量。
電量監(jian)測(ce)
來(lai)越(yue)多(duo)的(de)醫療器械制造(zao)商(shang)開(kai)始采用鋰離子技術(shu),電(dian)(dian)池(chi)管理特性(xing)在(zai)行業中也越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)常(chang)見。電(dian)(dian)量監(jian)測設備可以為終端用戶提供一些(xie)信(xin)息(xi),如電(dian)(dian)池(chi)預(yu)計使用時間等。管理特性(xing)的(de)引入,很大程(cheng)度上明確(que)了電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)量評估(gu)及充電(dian)(dian)方案的(de)執行。
就(jiu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)管理而言,使用(yong)鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的設計者有(you)(you)多種選擇方案。例(li)如(ru),一(yi)(yi)些鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)監測設備中含有(you)(you)信息特征(zheng),可以報告已經(jing)過的充放電(dian)循環(huan)次數。此(ci)類信息在一(yi)(yi)些重要的醫療設備中具(ju)有(you)(you)重要作(zuo)用(yong)。電(dian)量(liang)(liang)監測基本方法(fa)有(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)種:基于電(dian)壓和庫(ku)侖(lun)計數。將兩(liang)(liang)種技術相結合的解決方案,其(qi)準確性高達99%。
耐高溫性
鋰離子電池(chi)在(zai)40°-45°C的(de)(de)高溫條件下(xia),性(xing)能優于其它(ta)電池(chi)。SLA和NiMH電池(chi)在(zai)高熱量環境下(xia)無(wu)法正常工作(zuo)。這成為其在(zai)急救工具中使用(yong)的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)限制因(yin)素,因(yin)為此時,使用(yong)者無(wu)法將(jiang)他們的(de)(de)便攜式器械(xie)保(bao)存在(zai)低溫環境下(xia)。
在為(wei)便攜式器械選擇最佳電源(yuan)方案時,必須對其總成本和整體性能進行評估。
鋰離子技術的(de)(de)高電(dian)壓特性可(ke)以(yi)減(jian)少電(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用(yong)量,由此(ci)降(jiang)低了(le)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組的(de)(de)成本(ben),使之與使用(yong)鎳技術的(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)大致(zhi)相當。此(ci)外,鋰離子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)供應商不(bu)斷使用(yong)新材料(liao),以(yi)降(jiang)低電(dian)池(chi)(chi)成本(ben)。
鋰離子電池體積(ji)小、重量輕(qing)、能(neng)量高(gao)(gao)、循環壽命長、耐久性好、電(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)(gao)及耐熱性好的特(te)點使其具(ju)有(you)潛(qian)在的優勢。醫療電(dian)子產(chan)品制(zhi)造商(shang)可以利用這(zhe)些特(te)性,拓(tuo)寬(kuan)產(chan)品市(shi)場,并(bing)最(zui)終(zhong)給消費者、醫療專業(ye)人員和病人帶(dai)來治療等方面的好處(chu)。