電動車充電器 是專門為電(dian)(dian)動自行(xing)車(che)的電(dian)(dian)瓶配置的一個充電(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)！電(dian)(dian)動車(che)普遍使用(yong)了所謂三段(duan)(duan)式(shi)充電(dian)(dian)器，第一個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒(heng)流階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，第二個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)恒(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)，第三個階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)涓流階(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)。 

　　

　　常用(yong)的開(kai)關(guan)電源式(shi)充電器又(you)分半橋式(shi)和單激(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)兩大類(lei)，單激(ji)(ji)(ji)類(lei)又(you)分為(wei)正激(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)和反激(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)兩類(lei)。半橋式(shi)成本(ben)高，性(xing)能好，常用(yong)于(yu)帶負脈(mo)沖的充電器；單激(ji)(ji)(ji)式(shi)成本(ben)低，市(shi)場占(zhan)有率(lv)高。

負脈沖充電器
　　鉛酸(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)已(yi)經有100多年的歷史了(le)，開始全(quan)球普遍沿引老的觀點和操作規程：充、放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(lv)為0.1C(C是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量)壽命較長(chang)。美國人(ren)麥斯先生為解決快速充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問(wen)題(ti)，1967年向全(quan)世(shi)界公布了(le)他的研究成果，用(yong)大于1C率(lv)脈(mo)沖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間(jian)歇(xie)時(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有利于消(xiao)除極(ji)化(hua)、降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液溫(wen)度、提高(gao)極(ji)板(ban)接受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的能力。

　　我國一(yi)些科技工作者(zhe)在(zai)1969年前(qian)后，根據麥斯先(xian)生的(de)三定律制作成功了多(duo)種品牌的(de)快速充電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。充電(dian)(dian)循環(huan)過程是：大(da)電(dian)(dian)流脈(mo)沖充電(dian)(dian)→切斷充電(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路→對電(dian)(dian)池(chi)短暫放電(dian)(dian)→停(ting)止放電(dian)(dian)→接(jie)通(tong)(tong)充電(dian)(dian)通(tong)(tong)路→大(da)電(dian)(dian)流脈(mo)沖充電(dian)(dian)……

　　2000年前后，有人將這一原理用到了電動車充電器中，充電過程中，不切斷充電通路，用小電阻將電池短路瞬間，進行放電。短路時由于不切斷充電通路，在充電通路中串連了電感。一般在1秒內短路3－5毫秒（1秒=1000毫秒），由于電感里的電流不能跳變，短路時間短促，可以保護充電器的電源轉換部分。如果把充電電流方向叫正，放電自然為負(fu)(fu)了(le)，電動車業(ye)就出現了(le)名詞“負(fu)(fu)脈(mo)沖(chong)充電器”，而且(qie)稱可以延長電池壽命等等。

三段式充電器
　　從電(dian)(dian)(dian)子技術角度(du)針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)而(er)言：第(di)(di)一(yi)個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)限流階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)二個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，第(di)(di)三個階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)叫(jiao)(jiao)低恒(heng)(heng)壓(ya)階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)比較貼切。第(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)轉換(huan)時，面板指示燈(deng)相應變(bian)換(huan)，大多數充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)第(di)(di)一(yi)、二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)是紅(hong)燈(deng)，第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)變(bian)綠燈(deng)。第(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)和第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)的相互轉換(huan)是由(you)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流決定的，大于(yu)某(mou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流進(jin)入第(di)(di)一(yi)第(di)(di)二階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，小于(yu)某(mou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流進(jin)入第(di)(di)三階(jie)(jie)(jie)段(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)。這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)流叫(jiao)(jiao)轉換(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，也叫(jiao)(jiao)轉折(zhe)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

　　早期充(chong)電器，包括(kuo)名牌車(che)配套的(de)充(chong)電器，雖然也(ye)變(bian)燈，但實際是(shi)恒壓限(xian)流充(chong)電器，并不(bu)是(shi)三階(jie)段充(chong)電器。一般這類(lei)就(jiu)一個穩定電壓值(zhi)，44.2V左右，對(dui)當時的(de)高比重硫酸的(de)電池(chi)還湊(cou)合。

　　關于三段式充電器的三個關鍵(jian)參數

　　第(di)一個重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)(shu)是涓(juan)流階段的(de)低恒(heng)壓值，第(di)二個重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)(shu)是第(di)二階段的(de)高恒(heng)壓值，第(di)三(san)個重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)(shu)是轉換電(dian)(dian)流。這三(san)個重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)參數(shu)(shu)與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)數(shu)(shu)目有(you)關(guan)，與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量(liang)Ah有(you)關(guan)，與溫度有(you)關(guan)，與電(dian)(dian)池(chi)種類有(you)關(guan)。為了方便大家記憶，下(xia)面(mian)以最(zui)常見的(de)電(dian)(dian)動自行車（三(san)塊(kuai)12V串聯的(de)10Ah電(dian)(dian)池(chi)）所用的(de)三(san)段式(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)器為例(li)簡(jian)單介紹一下(xia)：

　　首先討論涓流(liu)階段的低(di)恒壓(ya)值(zhi)，參考電(dian)壓(ya)為42.5V左(zuo)右。此(ci)值(zhi)高將使(shi)(shi)電(dian)池(chi)失水，容易使(shi)(shi)電(dian)池(chi)發熱變形(xing)；此(ci)值(zhi)低(di)不(bu)利于電(dian)池(chi)充足電(dian)。此(ci)值(zhi)在南方要(yao)低(di)于41.5V；膠體電(dian)池(chi)要(yao)低(di)于41.5V，如在南方還(huan)要(yao)低(di)一點兒。這(zhe)個參數(shu)是相對嚴格(ge)的，不(bu)可以大于參考值(zhi)。

　　其次討論第二階段的高恒壓值(zhi)(zhi)，參考電(dian)壓為44.5V左(zuo)右。此(ci)值(zhi)(zhi)高有利于(yu)(yu)快速充足電(dian)，但是(shi)容易使電(dian)池(chi)失水，充電(dian)后(hou)期電(dian)流下(xia)不(bu)來，結果(guo)使電(dian)池(chi)發(fa)熱變形；此(ci)值(zhi)(zhi)低不(bu)利于(yu)(yu)電(dian)池(chi)快速充足電(dian)，有利于(yu)(yu)向涓(juan)流階段轉換。這個(ge)值(zhi)(zhi)雖然(ran)沒有第一(yi)個(ge)值(zhi)(zhi)那樣嚴格(ge)，但是(shi)也不(bu)要過(guo)高。

　　最后討論轉(zhuan)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，參考電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)為(wei)300毫(hao)(hao)安左(zuo)右。此(ci)值(zhi)高有利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽(shou)命，不(bu)容易發(fa)(fa)熱變(bian)形，但不(bu)利(li)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)快速充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；此(ci)值(zhi)低（對(dui)外行）有利(li)于(yu)(yu)充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但是由(you)于(yu)(yu)較長時(shi)間高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，容易使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失水(shui)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發(fa)(fa)熱變(bian)形。特別(bie)個別(bie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出(chu)現問題(ti)時(shi)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)降不(bu)到轉(zhuan)折電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)以下時(shi)，會(hui)連(lian)累(lei)好(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)也(ye)被充(chong)壞。給(gei)出(chu)的(de)參考值(zhi)有一定范圍，正負(fu)50毫(hao)(hao)安甚至(zhi)100毫(hao)(hao)安都是允許(xu)的(de)，但是不(bu)允許(xu)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)200毫(hao)(hao)安。

　　目前，市場上出現了很多(duo)高(gao)恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)46.5V、低恒(heng)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)41.5V、轉折電流大于500毫(hao)安(an)的反激式廉價充電器。

　　如果是四塊12V電(dian)(dian)池的充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)即48V充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)，前兩個參數為(wei)前述電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)參考值(zhi)除以三乘以四。高恒壓(ya)值(zhi)為(wei)59.5V左右、低恒壓(ya)值(zhi)為(wei)56.5V左右。

　　電池(chi)如(ru)果比10Ah大(da)，將第三個參數電流值適當(dang)增大(da)，例(li)如(ru)17Ah電池(chi)可大(da)到500毫安。

　　買新充電(dian)(dian)器要(yao)檢查(cha)三(san)(san)段(duan)式充電(dian)(dian)器的(de)三(san)(san)個重要(yao)參數，用戶一般(ban)可(ke)以自己(ji)測(ce)得第(di)三(san)(san)階段(duan)的(de)低(di)恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)。方法是，不接電(dian)(dian)池，給充電(dian)(dian)器加(jia)市電(dian)(dian)，用數字萬用表的(de)200V直流電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)檔(dang)測(ce)充電(dian)(dian)器的(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。另兩個參數高恒(heng)壓(ya)值(zhi)和轉折電(dian)(dian)流一般(ban)需要(yao)專用工(gong)具(ju)才能測(ce)得。

　　再補(bu)充(chong)(chong)一些正確的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方法：1，變綠燈(deng)后再接著充(chong)(chong)2－3小時。2，原則是淺放(fang)(fang)(fang)（電(dian)(dian)）勤(qin)充(chong)(chong)（電(dian)(dian)），每次(ci)用到(dao)50%以后再充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，不要充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)太(tai)頻繁這(zhe)樣會縮短(duan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命 3，長(chang)期(qi)(qi)不騎，要定(ding)期(qi)(qi)（1個月）充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)一次(ci)。4，長(chang)期(qi)(qi)淺放(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，3個月左(zuo)右(you)，作一次(ci)深放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)是所謂放(fang)(fang)(fang)光再充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，有利于(yu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)深部的(de)(de)長(chang)期(qi)(qi)不動(dong)的(de)(de)物質的(de)(de)活化。放(fang)(fang)(fang)光的(de)(de)意(yi)思是，騎到(dao)控制器電(dian)(dian)池(chi)欠壓保(bao)護動(dong)作為止。

　　需要(yao)提醒客戶幾點：1，一般新電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)投入使用(yong)8－10個月后，要(yao)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行檢查和維護。2，一般名牌車(che)配(pei)套(tao)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器是經過篩選的(de)(de)(de)，通常不(bu)用(yong)測試(shi)，但是單(dan)獨到(dao)(dao)市場上采購的(de)(de)(de)非配(pei)套(tao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器，一定要(yao)進行前(qian)(qian)述三(san)個參數的(de)(de)(de)測試(shi)。3，有(you)一種不(bu)帶工頻(pin)變壓器的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)控硅(gui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，直(zhi)接整流市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流可(ke)到(dao)(dao)30A，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓12V－80V可(ke)調，未徹底切斷市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前(qian)(qian)，千萬不(bu)要(yao)摸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，貨運(yun)三(san)輪使用(yong)這(zhe)類充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)客戶特(te)別要(yao)注意安全。

鉛酸電池損壞的四大原因　　①失水 ②硫化 ③失衡 ④熱失控(kong)（充(chong)鼓）

　　前兩者(zhe)①、②占(zhan)了(le)目前市場上(shang)電池損(sun)壞的97%。

　　（1）分析(xi)①：鉛酸電池失水的主要原因

　　鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)像人體中的(de)(de)血液(ye)一樣寶(bao)貴，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)一旦(dan)喪失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，就意味(wei)著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)報(bao)(bao)廢了。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)是(shi)由稀(xi)硫酸(suan)(suan)和水(shui)(shui)(shui)組成(cheng)的(de)(de)。充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，難以(yi)避(bi)免失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)不(bu)一樣，失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)也不(bu)一樣。普(pu)通(tong)三(san)段式(shi)(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)(shi)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中的(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量是(shi)科(ke)(ke)林脈沖(chong)(chong)模式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)二倍(bei)以(yi)上！電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)除了自然壽命外還有(you)一個失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)壽命：單只電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)超過90克，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)就報(bao)(bao)廢了。在(zai)常溫下（25℃），普(pu)通(tong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量約為(wei)(wei)0.25克，而(er)科(ke)(ke)林脈沖(chong)(chong)為(wei)(wei)0.12克。在(zai)高(gao)溫下（35℃），普(pu)通(tong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)失(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量為(wei)(wei)0.5克，而(er)科(ke)(ke)林脈沖(chong)(chong)為(wei)(wei)0.23克。按此計算，普(pu)通(tong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)在(zai)250次循(xun)環(huan)后(hou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分充干，而(er)科(ke)(ke)林脈沖(chong)(chong)在(zai)600次循(xun)環(huan)后(hou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)分才會充干。因此，科(ke)(ke)林脈沖(chong)(chong)能延(yan)長電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)一倍(bei)以(yi)上的(de)(de)壽命。（出示(shi)超威(wei)公(gong)司報(bao)(bao)告，并畫曲線圖(tu)。）

　　鉛酸蓄電池(chi)在(zai)充電過程中的最大(da)問題是析(xi)氣。

　　根據美國(guo)科學(xue)家馬斯(J.A.Mas) 對鉛酸(suan)電池充電過程中析(xi)氣原(yuan)因和(he)規律的研(yan)究，為(wei)達到最低析(xi)氣率(lv)，鉛酸(suan)電池能(neng)夠接(jie)受充電電流曲(qu)線如下：

　　臨界析氣曲線的公式(shi)為(wei)：I=I0e-at %h^2

　　在充電(dian)過(guo)程中，充電(dian)電(dian)流超過(guo)臨(lin)界析氣(qi)(qi)曲(qu)線的部分，只能導致蓄電(dian)池電(dian)解(jie)水反應而產生氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)和溫升，不能提(ti)高電(dian)池的容(rong)量(liang)

　　① 恒流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)階段，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流保持(chi)恒定，充入電(dian)(dian)(dian)量快速增加，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上升(sheng)；

　　② 恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)電階段，充(chong)電電壓(ya)保持恒(heng)定(ding)，充(chong)入(ru)電量(liang)繼續增加(jia)，充(chong)電電流下降；

　　③ 蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)滿，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流下(xia)降(jiang)到低(di)(di)于浮充(chong)轉換電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓降(jiang)低(di)(di)到浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓；

　　④ 浮充充電(dian)階段，充電(dian)電(dian)壓保(bao)持為浮充電(dian)壓；

　　普通三(san)階段充(chong)電第一階段為(wei)恒流充(chong)電，這主要是考慮(lv)到電路的設計(ji)比(bi)較方便，并非為(wei)使蓄電池性能最佳而設計(ji)。

　　按照鉛酸蓄電池(chi)充(chong)電析(xi)氣曲線，普通三階段充(chong)電過程(cheng)的析(xi)氣情況如(ru)圖 ：

　　恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電段后期和恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)電前期（陰影區），電流(liu)超過臨界析氣曲(qu)線，造成蓄(xu)電池析氣，引起(qi)壽命下降。

　　超過臨界析(xi)氣(qi)(qi)曲線的電流僅使(shi)蓄電池產生氣(qi)(qi)體和溫升，未轉化(hua)為電池電量(liang)，充電效率也(ye)因此降低(di)。

　　解決(jue)①：脈沖(chong)解決(jue)失水的(de)方案

　　科(ke)林脈沖(chong)恒(heng)動(dong)率階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的時(shi)間，比普通(tong)充電(dian)(dian)器恒(heng)流(liu)+恒(heng)壓階(jie)(jie)段(duan)要縮(suo)短了近一個小時(shi)，而(er)這一個小時(shi)的高(gao)壓段(duan)充電(dian)(dian)是水(shui)分散(san)發的關(guan)鍵時(shi)刻。科(ke)林脈沖(chong)以電(dian)(dian)壓參(can)數為(wei)(wei)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)燈依(yi)據(ju)，轉(zhuan)(zhuan)燈進入智能脈沖(chong)很準確，而(er)普通(tong)充電(dian)(dian)器以電(dian)(dian)流(liu)參(can)數為(wei)(wei)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)燈依(yi)據(ju)，一旦電(dian)(dian)池硫化(hua)，內阻加大，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)也加大，很難達到轉(zhuan)(zhuan)燈電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，很容易造成高(gao)壓段(duan)長時(shi)間充電(dian)(dian)，加速水(shui)解。

　　（2）分析②：鉛酸(suan)電(dian)池硫(liu)化的(de)原因

　　電(dian)池長期(qi)滯留，充(chong)電(dian)過程中的(de)長期(qi)過充(chong)和欠充(chong)，使用過程中的(de)大電(dian)流放電(dian)，極(ji)(ji)易造(zao)成電(dian)池的(de)硫(liu)化。它(ta)的(de)表象為：一放就光，一充(chong)就飽，我們把它(ta)叫做(zuo)電(dian)池的(de)“假損(sun)壞”。硫(liu)化物質硫(liu)酸鹽粘附在極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上(shang)，縮減(jian)(jian)了電(dian)解液與極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)反(fan)應面積，使電(dian)池容(rong)量(liang)迅速衰減(jian)(jian)。失(shi)水會加(jia)重電(dian)池的(de)硫(liu)化；硫(liu)化又會加(jia)重電(dian)池的(de)失(shi)水，易形成惡性(xing)循環。

　　解決②：科(ke)林脈沖解決硫化(hua)的方案

　　科林脈(mo)沖運(yun)用智能(neng)脈(mo)沖中(zhong)的(de)(de)尖(jian)峰(feng)脈(mo)沖，可以(yi)擊碎硫(liu)酸鉛(qian)結晶的(de)(de)晶核，使(shi)之難以(yi)形成(cheng)硫(liu)酸鹽。

　　智能脈沖(chong)充電器：①恒功率、②智能脈沖(chong)、③滴充

　　普(pu)通三(san)段(duan)式(shi)：①恒流、②恒壓、③浮(fu)充

　　（3）分(fen)析③：鉛酸電池的失衡(heng)問題

　　一(yi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)由三到(dao)四(si)只(zhi)組成。由于(yu)制(zhi)造(zao)工藝問題(ti)，無法做(zuo)到(dao)每只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的絕對平衡，普通(tong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器使(shi)用(yong)平均電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，使(shi)容(rong)量小的單只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最(zui)先充(chong)(chong)滿，并形(xing)成過充(chong)(chong)，放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，這只(zhi)容(rong)量小的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最(zui)先放(fang)(fang)完，并形(xing)成過放(fang)(fang)。長期如此，惡性循環(huan)，使(shi)整(zheng)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)出現單只(zhi)落后，從而使(shi)整(zheng)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)報廢。三段(duan)式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器的浮充(chong)(chong)階段(duan)，有500mA的小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，它的作用(yong)是補償充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)飽。但它也帶來兩個副(fu)作用(yong):1、充(chong)(chong)飽后，多余的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流沒(mei)有關斷(duan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)化為(wei)熱能，進行水分解，加速水份的散發；2、小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，產生的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流分叉(cha)很大，更(geng)容(rong)易造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的不平衡。

　　解(jie)決(jue)(jue)③：脈沖解(jie)決(jue)(jue)電池組失衡方案

　　科林脈(mo)沖的(de)失(shi)水量(liang)(liang)是(shi)普通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)三(san)分之一，失(shi)水量(liang)(liang)少，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓差會小(xiao)；反之，失(shi)水量(liang)(liang)大，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓差大。隨著(zhu)失(shi)水量(liang)(liang)的(de)加大，硫(liu)化也(ye)會加重(zhong)，而普通充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器沒有去除(chu)(chu)(chu)硫(liu)化功(gong)能，所以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組失(shi)衡(heng)(heng)嚴重(zhong)。科林脈(mo)沖在充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，失(shi)水量(liang)(liang)少，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓差也(ye)小(xiao)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)產(chan)生硫(liu)化后，能用脈(mo)沖去除(chu)(chu)(chu)，使整(zheng)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)趨(qu)向(xiang)平衡(heng)(heng)。科林脈(mo)沖恒功(gong)率階(jie)段的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流較大，作用是(shi):1、快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，節省充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)；2、激(ji)活電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)極板，消除(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)鈍化現象，恢復電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)(liang)，使整(zheng)組電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量(liang)(liang)趨(qu)于平衡(heng)(heng)。滴充(chong)(chong)階(jie)段，能消除(chu)(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流分叉的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，對欠充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)滴充(chong)(chong)，充(chong)(chong)滿(man)后自動(dong)關(guan)斷，減少水分解(jie)，保持(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組的(de)平衡(heng)(heng)。

　　（4）分析④：鉛酸電池的(de)熱失(shi)控(kong)問題

　　蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池變(bian)形不是(shi)突(tu)發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)，往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)有一個過程的(de)(de)。蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池在充(chong)電(dian)到(dao)(dao)容量(liang)的(de)(de)80%，左右進入高電(dian)壓充(chong)電(dian)區，這(zhe)時(shi)，在正極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)先析出(chu)氧氣(qi)(qi)，氧氣(qi)(qi)通過隔板(ban)中的(de)(de)孔，到(dao)(dao)達(da)(da)負(fu)極(ji)，在負(fu)極(ji)板(ban)上(shang)進行氧復活反應(ying)：2Pb+O2（氧氣(qi)(qi)）=2PbO+Q（熱(re)量(liang)）；PbO+H2SO4=PbSO4+H2O+Q（熱(re)量(liang)）。反應(ying)時(shi)產生(sheng)(sheng)熱(re)量(liang)，當充(chong)電(dian)容量(liang)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)90%時(shi)，氧氣(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)速度增(zeng)(zeng)大(da)，負(fu)極(ji)開(kai)始產生(sheng)(sheng)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)，大(da)量(liang)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加使蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池內(nei)壓超過閥(fa)壓，安全閥(fa)打開(kai)，氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)逸出(chu)，最終(zhong)表現(xian)為失水。2H2O=2H2↑+O2↑。隨著蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池循環(huan)次數(shu)的(de)(de)增(zeng)(zeng)加，水分逐漸減少，結(jie)果蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池出(chu)現(xian)如下情況：

　　⑴ 氧氣(qi)“通(tong)道”變得暢通(tong)，正極產生的(de)氧化很(hen)容易(yi)通(tong)過“通(tong)道”到達負(fu)極；

　　⑵ 熱(re)容減小(xiao)，在蓄(xu)電池中(zhong)熱(re)容量(liang)最大的是水，水損失后，蓄(xu)電池熱(re)容大大減小(xiao)，產生的熱(re)量(liang)使蓄(xu)電池溫(wen)度升高很快；

　　⑶ 由于失水后蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)中超細(xi)玻璃(li)纖維隔(ge)板發(fa)(fa)(fa)生收縮(suo)現象，使之(zhi)與正負極(ji)板的(de)(de)附著(zhu)力變差，內(nei)阻增大(da)，充放電(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱量加大(da)。經過(guo)(guo)上(shang)述(shu)過(guo)(guo)程，蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)內(nei)部(bu)產生的(de)(de)熱量只能(neng)經過(guo)(guo)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)槽散熱，如散熱量小于發(fa)(fa)(fa)熱量，即出現溫度(du)(du)上(shang)升現象。溫度(du)(du)上(shang)升，使蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)析(xi)氣過(guo)(guo)電(dian)位降低，析(xi)氣量增大(da)，正極(ji)大(da)量的(de)(de)氧化通(tong)過(guo)(guo)“通(tong)道(dao)”，在負極(ji)表面反應，發(fa)(fa)(fa)出大(da)量的(de)(de)熱量，使溫度(du)(du)快速上(shang)升，形成惡性循環，即所謂的(de)(de)“熱失控”。

　　解決(jue)④：科林(lin)脈沖解決(jue)熱失控的(de)方案

　　科林(lin)脈沖(chong)有(you)溫(wen)度補償功能，通(tong)過(guo)熱(re)敏電子采集外界和(he)機內溫(wen)度，智能調節充電電壓，使冬(dong)季(ji)節不欠充，夏季(ji)不過(guo)充，有(you)效解決熱(re)失(shi)控。科林(lin)脈沖(chong)充電參數是動態(tai)的，變化的；普(pu)通(tong)充電器是靜態(tai)的，固定的。所以(yi)，普(pu)通(tong)充電器不可避(bi)免的會(hui)出現(xian)夏季(ji)過(guo)充和(he)冬(dong)季(ji)欠充問(wen)題(ti)。

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編輯本段電動車充電器維修方法
1.目測法
　　看，電(dian)(dian)容(rong)：比(bi)較明顯的(de)特征是電(dian)(dian)容(rong)里(li)面包含著一定溶液，在超標工作環境下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)容(rong)會發(fa)熱自(zi)爆(bao)以(yi)瀉身心(xin)不能承(cheng)受的(de)壓(ya)力，有些(xie)(xie)質量比(bi)較差的(de)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)會自(zi)爆(bao)到(dao)尸首也(ye)找不到(dao)，號(hao)稱(cheng) 無(wu)(wu)影(ying)無(wu)(wu)蹤小鞭炮，只留(liu)下(xia)一些(xie)(xie)細小的(de)碎紙屑。電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)：發(fa)熱和過載(zai)后，會變色或(huo)(huo)冒煙，當(dang)然電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)也(ye)會自(zi)爆(bao)，炸斷或(huo)(huo)自(zi)身一部分飛離。

2.電阻法
　　使用數(shu)字萬(wan)用表，對懷疑部分的電(dian)路(lu)進行(xing)測量(liang)，一(yi)般(ban)我(wo)們使用二(er)極管檔進行(xing)測量(liang)，就(jiu)是短路(lu)2支表筆，萬(wan)用表會叫的那個檔，測量(liang)電(dian)阻前(qian)我(wo)們會做(zuo)一(yi)些必要的放(fang)電(dian)行(xing)為，在確(que)認沒(mei)有插市(shi)電(dian)的情況下(xia)， 我(wo)們一(yi)一(yi)用鑷子去短路(lu)一(yi)些電(dian)容，電(dian)容放(fang)電(dian)時會發出(chu)火(huo)花和聲響(xiang)不(bu)要害怕(pa)，然(ran)后進行(xing)我(wo)們的在路(lu)阻值測量(liang)。

3.電壓法
　　學會測(ce)量電壓是(shi)(shi)維修的基本技能之(zhi)一，帶電在(zai)路測(ce)量是(shi)(shi)比較危險的行(xing)(xing)為，必要的時(shi)候我(wo)們(men)還是(shi)(shi)需要這么去做，這個行(xing)(xing)為不(bu)單(dan)單(dan)是(shi)(shi)我(wo)們(men)自身的安全(quan)問題，還有由(you)于操作(zuo)出(chu)現(xian)意外損壞充電器的可能性十分的大(da)(da)(da)，如果出(chu)現(xian)把(ba)充電器測(ce)量壞了，我(wo)們(men)不(bu)要沮喪和(he)難過，最好的技工，都會出(chu)現(xian)錯誤，就算是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)師也不(bu)能避免。我(wo)們(men)只要記得測(ce)量電壓有著明確的目的性，千萬不(bu)要盲目的帶電四(si)處亂(luan)量，這個是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)忌。

4.代換法
　　代(dai)換(huan)(huan)就是把一(yi)些(xie)器件(jian)，進(jin)行替換(huan)(huan)，替換(huan)(huan)的(de)器件(jian)可能是用新(xin)的(de)，或是從一(yi)個能正常(chang)工(gong)作的(de)充(chong)電(dian)器上面拆下來的(de)，為(wei)什么要進(jin)行代(dai)換(huan)(huan)呢？這個方法(fa)一(yi)般我們維修進(jin)入了相對來說的(de)瓶頸，我們就會(hui)產生(sheng)這么的(de)思路，代(dai)換(huan)(huan)比較適合于(yu)特(te)定(ding)的(de)器件(jian)如：電(dian)容，集成塊等一(yi)些(xie)可能軟性損壞的(de)器件(jian)，對于(yu)其他(ta)的(de)硬性器件(jian)，我們不用也沒有必要去考(kao)慮去代(dai)換(huan)(huan)它

5.對比法
　　所(suo)謂的(de)對(dui)比法(fa)，就(jiu)是找一(yi)個一(yi)模(mo)一(yi)樣的(de)或者相似的(de)充電器(qi)我們以(yi)它作為(wei)一(yi)個模(mo)板，進(jin)行比較(jiao)，多方面的(de)去(qu)排(pai)除(chu)和(he)縮小故障的(de)范圍(wei)，這其中包括：電阻法(fa)，電壓法(fa)，替換(huan)法(fa)！