在研究電動車用蓄電池特性及其充電策略和充電算法的基礎上，研制了一款基于P IC16C712單片機的4段式（涓流短時充電、恒流快速充電、恒壓均衡充電、浮充電） 48V （20A?h）蓄電池充電器。該充電(dian)(dian)器能夠(gou)對充電(dian)(dian)過程進(jin)(jin)行實時監測(ce)與控制，使充電(dian)(dian)過程按設定(ding)的理想充電(dian)(dian)曲線進(jin)(jin)行。測(ce)試表明，該充電(dian)(dian)器既能完成快(kuai)速充電(dian)(dian)又(you)能對蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)進(jin)(jin)行有效的保護。

　　近(jin)年來，電(dian)(dian)動車作為一種新型的綠色交通工具得到了迅猛的發(fa)展(zhan)，并呈現出(chu)向大功(gong)率、高速化和功(gong)能(neng)多樣化的發(fa)展(zhan)趨勢(shi)。因此(ci)，電(dian)(dian)動車對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的使(shi)用壽命、續(xu)行里程等(deng)性能(neng)提出(chu)的要(yao)求比以往(wang)更加苛刻。實驗研究(jiu)表明：影響蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池性能(neng)的因素多種多樣，如(ru)電(dian)(dian)動車的裝配性能(neng)、行駛電(dian)(dian)流(liu)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)策(ce)略等(deng)。

　　其中蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過程對其壽命影響最大(da)，過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足是(shi)引(yin)起蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)主要原因。所以(yi)，必須通過設計合理的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略和充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)算法(fa)以(yi)有(you)效地減少蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)損傷(shang)、減少充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)損耗、提高充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)速度(du)。

　　為此，開發一種具有自主知識產權，具備適用功率大（ 100 ~500W ） 、性能可靠等特點的電動車用48V （20A?h）蓄電池充電器以滿足電動摩托車、卡丁車、沙地車等電動車發展的迫切需要。該充電器以P IC16C712作為實時監控和中心控制單元，采用PWM DC-DC全橋變換器作為主電路，使得該充電器能夠根據蓄電池的充電特性自動調節輸出電壓、電流，進行智能充電，并且能夠對充電器的運行(xing)狀(zhuang)態進行(xing)實時(shi)監(jian)測，若(ruo)有異常，能(neng)及時(shi)地進行(xing)保護。此外，該充電器還具有體積(ji)小(xiao)、重量輕(qing)、精度高、充電速度快、性能(neng)穩定等(deng)顯著(zhu)優點。

　　1 充電器原理與硬件設計

　　1. 1 總體(ti)設計

　　目(mu)前，電(dian)(dian)(dian)動車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池作(zuo)為(wei)一種儲能(neng)裝置，主(zhu)要以(yi)鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池為(wei)主(zhu)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器是專門針對鉛酸(suan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池所(suo)設計的(de)(de)(de)(de)。傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器采(cai)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)/電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓負反饋的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法來達到(dao)恒(heng)流(liu)(liu)/恒(heng)壓充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，為(wei)了實(shi)(shi)現充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)各種工作(zuo)參(can)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)時監測及(ji)智能(neng)多段式充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精確(que)控制(zhi)(zhi)，引(yin)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)/電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓反饋環，應用P IC16C712 單片機及(ji)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，其硬件結構框圖(tu)如(ru)圖(tu)1所(suo)示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)圖(tu)如(ru)圖(tu)2所(suo)示。

圖(tu)1 硬件(jian)結構框圖(tu)

圖2 電路原理圖

　

　由圖(tu)1和圖(tu)2可以(yi)看(kan)出，蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)器(qi)主(zhu)要由開關電(dian)源單元(yuan)（電(dian)源變壓器(qi)、整(zheng)流電(dian)路及濾波電(dian)路）和監測與控制(zhi)單元(yuan)（傳(chuan)感器(qi)、電(dian)源專用集成芯(xin)片UC3875及微控制(zhi)器(qi)P IC16C712）兩(liang)部分組(zu)成。

在開關電源單元，單相(xiang)220V /50Hz的(de)交流(liu)電需經過(guo)全橋(qiao)整流(liu)及大電容(rong)低頻濾(lv)波(bo)穩(wen)壓(ya)，然(ran)后經過(guo)4只IGBT器(qi)件IGBTl ~ IGBT4 組成的(de)全橋(qiao)逆變(bian)器(qi)可(ke)(ke)得到脈寬可(ke)(ke)調的(de)高頻交流(liu)電。經高頻變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)耦合到副邊，再經整流(liu)管D9 和D10整流(liu)和電感L2、電容(rong)C5 濾(lv)波(bo)，由此可(ke)(ke)以(yi)得到大小可(ke)(ke)變(bian)的(de)低紋波(bo)直流(liu)電壓(ya)。

　　根據實(shi)際(ji)需要(yao)，監測與(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)單(dan)元(yuan)選(xuan)擇的(de)單(dan)片機(ji)型號(hao)是由M ICROCH IP公司推出(chu)的(de)P IC16C712,其(qi)內部有容量為(wei)1KB ×14 的(de)EPROM、128 ×8 的(de)RAM,此外，還包括4個8位A /D, 3個定(ding)時器(qi)(qi)和(he)1個CCP模(mo)塊。充電器(qi)(qi)的(de)電壓和(he)電流控(kong)制(zhi)信(xin)號(hao)是由P IC16C712的(de)CCP模(mo)塊輸(shu)出(chu)，經過(guo)F /V轉換(huan)之后輸(shu)入(ru)到由美(mei)國(guo)Unitrode公司生產的(de)移(yi)相式開關電源(yuan)專用集(ji)成芯片UC3875的(de)誤差放大器(qi)(qi)輸(shu)入(ru)端E /A + ,反(fan)相輸(shu)入(ru)端E /A - 接主電路輸(shu)出(chu)直流電流或直流電壓反(fan)饋信(xin)號(hao)，二者之間的(de)切換(huan)由P IC16C712單(dan)片機(ji)控(kong)制(zhi)中(zhong)間繼(ji)電器(qi)(qi)實(shi)現。

　　1. 2 溫度(du)信(xin)號采集電路

　　在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)過程中，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度是一(yi)個非常重要的(de)(de)參(can)數(shu)。因為鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓具有負溫(wen)(wen)度系數(shu)，其值(zhi)為- 4mV /℃，對于一(yi)個在(zai)環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)度為25℃時工作很理想(xiang)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)器(qi)在(zai)環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)度降到0℃時，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)將出現(xian)充電(dian)(dian)不足的(de)(de)現(xian)象；而當環(huan)境溫(wen)(wen)度升(sheng)高到50℃時，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)將出現(xian)過充電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)現(xian)象，這將導(dao)致蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)壽命縮短。

　　因此，設(she)計良(liang)好(hao)的充(chong)電器應(ying)(ying)具有溫度(du)(du)(du)檢測功(gong)能(neng)并能(neng)夠根據不(bu)同(tong)的環境溫度(du)(du)(du)調整充(chong)電過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的各轉(zhuan)換電壓值；同(tong)時，充(chong)電器還應(ying)(ying)具備溫度(du)(du)(du)保護功(gong)能(neng)，在充(chong)電過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，當蓄電池溫度(du)(du)(du)超出限定的溫度(du)(du)(du)范圍時充(chong)電器應(ying)(ying)立即停止充(chong)電或進入涓流充(chong)電，并且PIC16C712應(ying)(ying)點亮故障(zhang)指示燈以提示用戶出現何種(zhong)異常。

　　由上分析可知，溫(wen)度檢測(ce)(ce)的(de)準確性(xing)將在很大(da)程度上影響充(chong)電(dian)器的(de)性(xing)能。為此，利用LM61B IM3溫(wen)度傳感(gan)器設計了溫(wen)度檢測(ce)(ce)電(dian)路，如圖3所示(shi)，該傳感(gan)器可以(yi)測(ce)(ce)量的(de)溫(wen)度范圍為- 25℃~ + 85℃，線(xian)性(xing)度為10mV /℃，即：

圖(tu)3 溫度采集(ji)電路圖(tu)

　

　2 充(chong)電策(ce)略(lve)與算法(fa)設計(ji)

　　2. 1 充電(dian)流程

　　根據鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的特點，將其(qi)充電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程分為4個階段(duan)：涓流(liu)短(duan)時(shi)充電(dian)(dian)、恒流(liu)快速(su)充電(dian)(dian)、恒壓均衡充電(dian)(dian)、浮充電(dian)(dian)。其(qi)中第一階段(duan)和第二階段(duan)均為恒流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)，采取(qu)這種策(ce)略(lve)是因為實(shi)驗研究證明(ming)多(duo)段(duan)恒流(liu)充電(dian)(dian)有(you)利于充入(ru)更多(duo)的電(dian)(dian)量且(qie)可以(yi)減少(shao)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的損傷(shang)、延長使(shi)用壽(shou)命。充電(dian)(dian)過(guo)程中各個階段(duan)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓、充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)隨時(shi)間變(bian)化的曲(qu)線(xian)如圖(tu)4所示。

圖4 充電流(liu)程曲(qu)線。

（1）涓流短時充電（ T0 - T1 ）
 

　　

       蓄電(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)電(dian)初期可能已(yi)處于(yu)深度(du)放電(dian)狀態（或可能已(yi)經處于(yu)受(shou)(shou)損的狀態） ,為避(bi)免對(dui)蓄電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)過大造成"熱失(shi)控(kong)", P IC16C712單(dan)片(pian)機通(tong)過實時監(jian)測(ce)蓄電(dian)池(chi)的電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，對(dui)蓄電(dian)池(chi)進行穩定(ding)的小電(dian)流(liu)涓流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)，這樣有利于(yu)激活蓄電(dian)池(chi)內(nei)的反應物質，部分恢(hui)復受(shou)(shou)損的蓄電(dian)池(chi)單(dan)元。在涓流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)階段，蓄電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)開始緩慢上升，當蓄電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)上升到能接受(shou)(shou)大電(dian)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)的閾值時則轉入恒(heng)流(liu)快速充(chong)電(dian)階段。

　　（2）恒流快速(su)充電（ T1 - T2 ）

　　該階(jie)段充(chong)(chong)電電流(liu)保持(chi)恒(heng)定，蓄電池電壓(ya)上升(sheng)較快(kuai)，當(dang)電壓(ya)上升(sheng)至(zhi)均衡充(chong)(chong)電壓(ya)閾值(zhi)時(shi)，則轉入(ru)恒(heng)壓(ya)均衡充(chong)(chong)電階(jie)段。

　　（3）恒壓(ya)均衡充電（ T2 - T3 ）

　　該階(jie)段(duan)充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓保持恒定，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量快速(su)恢復。充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)逐漸減(jian)小，當電(dian)(dian)流(liu)下降至某一閾值時(shi)，自動(dong)轉(zhuan)入浮(fu)充電(dian)(dian)階(jie)段(duan)。

　　（4）浮(fu)充電（ T3 - ）

　　該階段主要用來(lai)補充(chong)蓄電(dian)池自放電(dian)所消耗(hao)的能量，此時標(biao)志著(zhu)充(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)結束。

　　2. 2 關(guan)鍵技術

　　2. 2. 1 恒流(liu)充電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)的選(xuan)擇

　　充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程中包含兩個恒流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)過程：涓(juan)流(liu)短(duan)時充(chong)(chong)電(dian)和(he)恒流(liu)快速(su)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)。

　　涓流(liu)短時充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)選擇(ze)應該根據蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)剩余電(dian)(dian)量進行選擇(ze)。經(jing)過(guo)大量的(de)實驗(yan)研究表明，對于放電(dian)(dian)深度為80% ~100%的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池，充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)定在0. 2~0. 4A比較合(he)適(shi)。

　　恒流快速(su)充電(dian)電(dian)流的選擇要(yao)綜合(he)考慮蓄電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量、內阻、對充電(dian)時間的要(yao)求、制(zhi)造成本等多(duo)方面因(yin)素。按照(zhao)應用經驗，普遍認為，該充電(dian)電(dian)流設置為0. 15~0. 3 C對蓄電(dian)池(chi)比較合(he)適。電(dian)動自行車(che)用48V （20A?h）鉛酸蓄電(dian)池(chi)時采(cai)用的是(shi)20℃標(biao)稱(cheng)，但(dan)是(shi)實際容(rong)量往(wang)往(wang)只能達到15~17A?h.因(yin)此(ci)，依據該經驗看法，充電(dian)電(dian)流應大(da)致定在2. 25~5. 1 A之間，平均為3. 675A.

　　有設計者認(ren)為(wei)減小充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流具有3個方(fang)面的優點： （1）可(ke)以使(shi)(shi)單位(wei)時間內產(chan)生的熱量降低(di)，有利(li)于在(zai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池的使(shi)(shi)用壽(shou)命末期和夏季(ji)保(bao)證(zheng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)質量；（2）可(ke)以減少極(ji)(ji)化（歐姆極(ji)(ji)化、濃差(cha)極(ji)(ji)化、電(dian)(dian)化學極(ji)(ji)化）現(xian)象(xiang)的影響(xiang)，有利(li)于冬(dong)季(ji)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)； （ 3）可(ke)以降低(di)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器的輸出功(gong)率(lv)，制(zhi)造(zao)成(cheng)本下降。但是也有設計者認(ren)為(wei)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車用蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池以較大(da)電(dian)(dian)流短時間放電(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)接受(shou)率(lv)高(gao)， 所以可(ke)以增大(da)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流（甚至推薦為(wei)5A）以提(ti)高(gao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度(du)。

　　通(tong)過對浙(zhe)江(jiang)天能、浙(zhe)江(jiang)超威、英國IBT和日(ri)本(ben)松下等電(dian)動車用48V （ 20A?h）蓄電(dian)池(chi)進行了(le)長期的可(ke)靠性實驗。在充電(dian)時，采(cai)用平均值為3. 5A并根據環境溫度(du)動態小(xiao)幅度(du)調整(zheng)的恒流快速充電(dian)電(dian)流，蓄電(dian)池(chi)沒有明顯發熱，充電(dian)過程穩定可(ke)靠。

　　2. 2. 2 恒壓(ya)充電電壓(ya)的選擇

　　恒壓充電(dian)電(dian)壓的選擇(ze)非(fei)常(chang)關鍵，因為它(ta)不能在很寬的范圍(wei)內調整。確定(ding)這個參(can)數(shu)不但(dan)需要(yao)對蓄電(dian)池有(you)較為深人的了(le)解，還需要(yao)對充電(dian)策略等因素進行考(kao)慮。

　　蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，正極上的(de)(de)析氧(yang)(yang)速率與(yu)施(shi)加的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓成(cheng)正比，而氧(yang)(yang)傳輸到負(fu)極并溶解在(zai)負(fu)極表面(mian)液膜中進行還原(yuan)的(de)(de)速度受到限制，即氧(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)析出(chu)快于還原(yuan)時，復(fu)合效率就(jiu)下降，造(zao)成(cheng)失(shi)(shi)水。通常情(qing)況(kuang)下， 48V 閥(fa)控(kong)鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓設置(zhi)在(zai)55 -55. 6 V,可(ke)以保(bao)證(zheng)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)長期(qi)處于充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態且極少失(shi)(shi)水。循環使用(yong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)最高充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為58. 8V,如果超過就(jiu)會使復(fu)合效率急(ji)劇下降，從而影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)使用(yong)壽命。

　　2. 2. 3 蓄電池是否充滿的(de)判定

　　對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中是否已充(chong)滿(man)的(de)判(pan)(pan)斷是充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)重要指(zhi)標。如(ru)果蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)未充(chong)滿(man)而錯判(pan)(pan)為(wei)充(chong)滿(man)將導致(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)欠(qian)充(chong)；反之(zhi)，則將導致(zhi)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)過充(chong)。這兩種(zhong)情況都會嚴重影響蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)壽命(ming)。目前判(pan)(pan)斷蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是否充(chong)滿(man)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)準則有：定時控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)（包(bao)含最(zui)(zui)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)負增量、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)零增量等(deng)）、溫(wen)度(du)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)（包(bao)括最(zui)(zui)高溫(wen)度(du)、最(zui)(zui)高溫(wen)升、溫(wen)度(du)變化率等(deng)）、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)（包(bao)含最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)變化量等(deng)）、動(dong)態內阻控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)。

　　在(zai)實際應用(yong)中，如果以單一的(de)控制的(de)方式都將(jiang)不可避(bi)免地(di)存在(zai)缺(que)陷(xian)。比如，在(zai)恒壓(ya)(ya)均衡充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)保持恒定(ding)(ding)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)會隨著充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)進程逐(zhu)漸減(jian)小，當小到一定(ding)(ding)程度電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)將(jiang)會恒定(ding)(ding)，不再(zai)下降，這時的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)向化學(xue)能(neng)(neng)的(de)轉化效率已(yi)經很低，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)主要用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解水，一般認(ren)為(wei)這個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)為(wei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池恒壓(ya)(ya)均衡充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)殘(can)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。然而(er)(er)，殘(can)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)大小將(jiang)隨著環境溫度的(de)變化而(er)(er)變化，也就(jiu)是說殘(can)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)是一個受內、外(wai)界多(duo)重因素影(ying)響的(de)動態值。若沒有溫度控制，最(zui)高(gao)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)切換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)都只能(neng)(neng)設置(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)定(ding)(ding)值，而(er)(er)這個定(ding)(ding)值無論如何(he)設置(zhi)(zhi)，都只能(neng)(neng)在(zai)一個相對較小的(de)范圍內成(cheng)為(wei)最(zui)佳設置(zhi)(zhi)。為(wei)此(ci)，設計(ji)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器通過對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)、溫度等工作參數(shu)(shu)進行(xing)(xing)實時檢測，并(bing)按模糊理(li)論的(de)評(ping)判規則對這些參數(shu)(shu)進行(xing)(xing)綜合(he)分析，從而(er)(er)確定(ding)(ding)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池是否(fou)充(chong)滿。

2. 3 軟件架構 
 

　　P IC16C712單片機的(de)軟(ruan)件模塊主要(yao)完成對傳感器(qi)的(de)輸入信號(hao)進(jin)行采集、對電源專用芯(xin)片UC3875進(jin)行控制、對異常(chang)進(jin)行處理等工作。在(zai)設(she)計過程中(zhong)，軟(ruan)件系(xi)統每隔10 s檢測一次電壓和電流； 每隔20 s檢測一次溫(wen)度。如有異常(chang)，系(xi)統將通過LED提示用戶出現何種異常(chang)并采取(qu)相應的(de)保護措施。整個系(xi)統的(de)軟(ruan)件架構，如圖5所示。

圖5 軟件架構

　　　對(dui)充電器樣機進行的(de)測試(shi)表(biao)明蓄電池(chi)充電器具有如下特(te)性：

　　（1）輸入電壓(ya)： 220 Vac;

　　（2）輸出電壓： 40~60V;

　　（3）輸出(chu)電流： < 10A;

　　（4）功率因數： > 0. 99;

　　（5）充電噪聲： < 20dB;

　　（6）充電時間(jian)： 6~8h;

　　（7）充電效(xiao)率： > 85%;

　　（8）充電(dian)溫升(sheng)： < 15℃；

　　（9）質  量： < 0. 6kg.

　　此外，充電器還具有故障診斷功能。當充電回路電流或電壓過大、開路、短路時，充電器自動切(qie)斷主電路(lu)，同(tong)時點(dian)亮相(xiang)應的(de)LED故障(zhang)指示(shi)燈指示(shi)故障(zhang)原因(yin)，具有(you)良好的(de)保護特性。