各種移動設備的飛速發展，也加快了充電電池的發展，為了滿足現今移動設備的需要，充電電池的容量也越來越大，其中鎳氫充電電池是大容量電池的主要品種，在電力電子、交通以及通信領域有了較多的應用，在很多智能儀器儀表中，鎳氫電池常用來作為備用電池，充電器是充電電池的必備品，這篇文章就來講述一種基于分立元件構成的電池自動恒流充電電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，著重講述了充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的組成、結構(gou)特點、工作原理及電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的調節。

1 電(dian)路總(zong)體設計思路

簡易電(dian)(dian)(dian)池自(zi)動恒(heng)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的總體框圖(tu)如圖(tu)1所示(shi)。它是由變壓器整流電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、恒(heng)流產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、自(zi)動斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、顯示(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)5部分構成。

變壓(ya)器整流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)將公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中的(de)220V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換為合適的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)信(xin)號(hao)，從(cong)而(er)為后續電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)提供信(xin)號(hao)。恒流(liu)產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)利用晶體管(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)源(yuan)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)產生恒定的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。自動(dong)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)利用三極管(guan)飽和導通時的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)特性，從(cong)而(er)實現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時能(neng)夠自動(dong)切(qie)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。顯示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)利用發(fa)光二極管(guan)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)開始(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和結(jie)束(shu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)狀態顯示出來。穩壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)是(shi)為上述(shu)所有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)提供直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

1.1 變壓器整流電路(lu)及電源電路(lu)的設計

變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)整流電(dian)路(lu)和(he)穩(wen)壓(ya)電(dian)源電(dian)路(lu)(如圖(tu)2虛(xu)線左(zuo)邊(bian)所示)，其主(zhu)要由(you)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)、二(er)極管(guan)橋(qiao)式(shi)電(dian)路(lu)、電(dian)容(rong)(rong)構成。其中變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)采(cai)用(yong)常規的(de)鐵心變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)，并將公(gong)共電(dian)網中的(de)220 V交流電(dian)變(bian)為12 V交流電(dian)，再(zai)通過二(er)極管(guan)橋(qiao)式(shi)電(dian)路(lu)進行整流和(he)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)C1濾波。整流信號由(you)VC1引出。在此基礎上再(zai)接三端穩(wen)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)CW7812及電(dian)容(rong)(rong)C3、C4(如圖(tu)2虛(xu)線右邊(bian)所示)，這樣整個電(dian)路(lu)就構成穩(wen)壓(ya)電(dian)源電(dian)路(lu)。由(you)B點提供+12 V的(de)直流電(dian)壓(ya)。

1.2 恒流(liu)電路的設計

如(ru)圖3所示，由穩壓(ya)管(guan)VZ1、晶(jing)體管(guan)VT1、電阻(zu)R1、電容C2構成的晶(jing)體管(guan)電流(liu)源提供恒(heng)定電流(liu)，

取穩壓(ya)管電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)5 V，R1為(wei)51 Ω，此時(shi)IC≈1OO mA，作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)路的充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流。

1.3 自(zi)動(dong)充電(dian)檢測電(dian)路(lu)和指示電(dian)路(lu)的(de)設計

如(ru)圖(tu)4電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)所示，自動斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)是由三極管VT2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)跟(gen)隨器(qi)A1、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比較器(qi)A2電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R11和(he)可變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻RP1構成。當充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比較器(qi)輸出高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)，VT2導通，VT1也導通，指示燈發(fa)光二(er)極管亮，給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可以先設定轉(zhuan)換開關(guan)為(wei)1時給(gei)一(yi)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，轉(zhuan)換開關(guan)為(wei)2時給(gei)二(er)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，依次(ci)類推，實(shi)現對(dui)1-4節電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)滿時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比較器(qi)輸出低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平(ping)，VT2截止，VT1不導通，發(fa)光二(er)極管熄滅，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)完畢。

 2 簡易充電器總電路原理圖及元器件清單

2.1 簡易充電器總電路(lu)原理圖

簡易電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自動恒流充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)圖(tu)如圖(tu)5所示。它是由變壓器整流電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、恒流產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、顯示電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)5部分(fen)(fen)構成。總(zong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)圖(tu)中需要(yao)(yao)注意的(de)是各個單元電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)之間的(de)連(lian)接一定要(yao)(yao)準確，同時各部分(fen)(fen)的(de)布(bu)局要(yao)(yao)合理。

2.2 元器(qi)件清單(dan)

本(ben)設計用的元件清單如表1。

3 結束語

通過以上的講解我們發現簡(jian)易電(dian)池自動(dong)恒流充電(dian)電(dian)路具有很多(duo)優點，電(dian)路結構簡(jian)單(dan)、功能完(wan)善、調(diao)節(jie)方便(bian)等，適合(he)無線電(dian)愛好(hao)者自行制作及高職(zhi)學(xue)生電(dian)子(zi)實訓。

                       ;                                                                                  本文摘自(zi)于中(zhong)國充(chong)電(dian)器網