分布(bu)式電(dian)能(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)設備的功率從幾(ji)千瓦(wa)至幾(ji)兆瓦(wa)不等(deng)，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)容量(liang)一般小于10MW·h，多接入(ru)中低壓配電(dian)網或用戶(hu)側。從能(neng)量(liang)儲(chu)(chu)存形式看，分布(bu)式電(dian)能(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)技(ji)術可(ke)分為機械儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)、電(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)、化(hua)學儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)等(deng)。

　　分(fen)布式(shi)電能(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)設備的功率從(cong)幾千瓦至幾兆瓦不等，儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)容(rong)量一般(ban)小于(yu)10MW·h，多接(jie)入中低(di)壓配(pei)電網或用(yong)戶側。從(cong)能(neng)(neng)量儲(chu)(chu)存形式(shi)看(kan)，分(fen)布式(shi)電能(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)(chu)技術可分(fen)為(wei)機械儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)、電磁儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)、化學儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)等。若按(an)照能(neng)(neng)量存儲(chu)(chu)和釋放(fang)的外(wai)部特征劃分(fen)，又(you)可分(fen)為(wei)功率型(xing)和能(neng)(neng)量型(xing)2種。

　　1、分布式電能存儲技術的特點及發展情況

　　分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)從幾(ji)千瓦至(zhi)幾(ji)兆瓦不(bu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)容量(liang)(liang)(liang)一般小(xiao)于(yu)10MW·h，多接入中(zhong)低(di)壓(ya)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網或用(yong)(yong)戶側。從能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)存(cun)(cun)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)看，分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)技術可(ke)分(fen)為機械(xie)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、化學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。若按照能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)和(he)釋放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)部特(te)征劃分(fen)，又(you)可(ke)分(fen)為功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)2種(zhong)。前者(zhe)適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)短時間內對功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)需求較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合，如改善(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)、提供快速(su)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)支撐等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)；后(hou)者(zhe)適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)對能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)需求較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)場合，需要儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)設(she)備提供較(jiao)長時間的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)支撐。功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)型(xing)(xing)(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)響應(ying)迅(xun)速(su)、功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)密(mi)(mi)度(du)較(jiao)大(da)，包括(kuo)超(chao)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容、飛輪儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、超(chao)導儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)型(xing)(xing)(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)具有較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)，充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間較(jiao)長，包括(kuo)壓(ya)縮空氣儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、液(ye)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。各(ge)種(zhong)分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展水平(ping)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，成本(ben)也有明顯差異，在(zai)效率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)、壽(shou)命、功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)/能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)密(mi)(mi)度(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)方面具有不(bu)同(tong)(tong)特(te)點。采用(yong)(yong)混合儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)，將不(bu)同(tong)(tong)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統進(jin)行(xing)組(zu)合，可(ke)充(chong)分(fen)發揮不(bu)同(tong)(tong)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢，以滿足功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)多方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)需求，這將是未來分(fen)布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存(cun)(cun)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展和(he)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢之一。

　　2、分布式電能存儲系統的應用場景

　　分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)能存儲(chu)系統(tong)(tong)（DESS）的(de)應用(yong)涉及(ji)配用(yong)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)各個環節(jie)，與大規(gui)模(mo)、集中(zhong)式的(de)儲(chu)能電(dian)(dian)站相比(bi)，分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)能存儲(chu)系統(tong)(tong)對接入位置(zhi)的(de)環境條件限制較少，接入電(dian)(dian)網的(de)方式更加靈活(huo)，在配電(dian)(dian)網、微電(dian)(dian)網、分(fen)布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)源側(ce)，以及(ji)用(yong)戶側(ce)都(dou)可以發(fa)揮獨特的(de)作用(yong)。

　　2.1 在配電(dian)系統中的應(ying)用(yong)

　　參與系統調(diao)峰。利用(yong)分布式電能存(cun)儲系統在高峰負(fu)荷時放電，在低谷負(fu)荷時充電，可有效實現負(fu)荷的(de)削(xue)峰填谷。其效果(guo)可體現在如下3個方面：

　　① 緩解電網功率阻塞(sai)；

　　② 延緩配電(dian)網(wang)升級改造(zao)；

　　③ 降低網絡能(neng)量損耗(hao)。

　　參與(yu)系(xi)統(tong)頻(pin)率(lv)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)。分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能存儲系(xi)統(tong)具有響(xiang)應速度快、輸出功率(lv)控制(zhi)精度高等特點(dian)，十分符合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網調(diao)(diao)頻(pin)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)。與(yu)傳(chuan)統(tong)調(diao)(diao)頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源相比，分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能存儲系(xi)統(tong)具有較為明(ming)顯的(de)技術優勢。隨著分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)能存儲系(xi)統(tong)成本(ben)的(de)下(xia)降(jiang)，在調(diao)(diao)頻(pin)服務中(zhong)也將逐漸顯現出其經濟(ji)性。

　　參與系(xi)統或饋線級調壓。大量分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源在配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統中(zhong)接入(ru)，將直接改變(bian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)功(gong)率的(de)(de)流動規律(lv)，造(zao)成一些節(jie)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)升高(gao)。利用(yong)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)存儲(chu)系(xi)統有功(gong)功(gong)率的(de)(de)調節(jie)能(neng)(neng)力，可以有效(xiao)緩解(jie)分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源接入(ru)后的(de)(de)節(jie)點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓升高(gao)問題，提高(gao)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網對分(fen)布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源接納能(neng)(neng)力。

　　2.2 在改善分布式電源運行特性方面的應用

　　平滑(hua)分(fen)布式(shi)電源(yuan)的(de)(de)功(gong)率波動。將(jiang)分(fen)布式(shi)電能存儲系統與光伏發電、風電等(deng)波動性分(fen)布式(shi)電源(yuan)緊密配合，利用儲能的(de)(de)快(kuai)速充放電特(te)性平抑這些電源(yuan)的(de)(de)快(kuai)速波動，可在一定時(shi)間尺度上（分(fen)鐘(zhong)至小(xiao)時(shi)級）實(shi)現輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率的(de)(de)平滑(hua)，顯著提高這些電源(yuan)的(de)(de)功(gong)率輸(shu)出(chu)品質，降低(di)其對(dui)系統的(de)(de)影響。

　　實(shi)現(xian)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)端節(jie)點電(dian)(dian)壓控制(zhi)。將分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)直(zhi)接與儲能系統相配合，對分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)壓實(shi)現(xian)有效控制(zhi)，在(zai)饋線(xian)中一定比例的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)上采用這樣的(de)(de)手段，完全可(ke)以(yi)克(ke)服饋線(xian)節(jie)點電(dian)(dian)壓升高問題。該方案(an)不會隨分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)接入(ru)改變系統運行或控制(zhi)策略，能夠(gou)實(shi)現(xian)“即插即用”。

　　增強分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)可(ke)調(diao)度(du)性。將分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)能存儲系統(tong)與風電(dian)和(he)光伏發電(dian)等分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)有效加以(yi)集成，對(dui)電(dian)網而(er)言形(xing)成一個統(tong)一的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)元，實(shi)現在一定時間尺度(du)（分鐘至小時級(ji)）上(shang)輸出(chu)總功(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)調(diao)節，進而(er)使其具(ju)備一定程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)調(diao)度(du)性。

　　2.3 在微(wei)電網(wang)中的應用

　　實(shi)現聯(lian)(lian)絡線(xian)功(gong)率(lv)控制(zhi)。微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)時，微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)與配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)間聯(lian)(lian)絡線(xian)功(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)波動可能(neng)對配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)產生較大(da)的(de)(de)影(ying)響。通過對微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)能(neng)存儲系統(tong)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)，能(neng)將聯(lian)(lian)絡線(xian)功(gong)率(lv)的(de)(de)波動控制(zhi)在(zai)一定范(fan)圍之內。聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)時，對配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)而言，微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)將成(cheng)為一個可調度的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源（或負荷），可以利用微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)實(shi)現一些(xie)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輔助服務功(gong)能(neng)，進而更多(duo)地發揮出微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)技術優勢。

　　支(zhi)撐(cheng)系統電(dian)(dian)壓與頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)。微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網孤島運(yun)行(xing)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)時，分布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)存儲系統可(ke)作為微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網的主電(dian)(dian)源提供電(dian)(dian)壓和頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)支(zhi)持，發揮快速(su)響應的特點，實時平衡微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網中(zhong)的功率(lv)波動(dong)，維(wei)持電(dian)(dian)壓和頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)穩定。此外，分布式(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)存儲系統還可(ke)以在微(wei)電(dian)(dian)網運(yun)行(xing)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)切換時提供暫態功率(lv)支(zhi)撐(cheng)，盡可(ke)能(neng)(neng)減小對用戶負(fu)荷(he)的沖擊。

　　2.4 在用戶(hu)側的應用

　　發揮(hui)不間斷電(dian)源(yuan)作用。分(fen)布式(shi)電(dian)能(neng)存(cun)儲系(xi)統由于具有(you)快速響應能(neng)力，可以作為(wei)不間斷電(dian)源(yuan)（UPS），在停電(dian)時確(que)保重要負荷(he)供(gong)電(dian)，提高(gao)供(gong)電(dian)可靠性(xing)，這一模式(shi)已經獲得廣泛應用。

　　實現(xian)需求側(ce)響應。安(an)裝在用(yong)(yong)戶側(ce)的(de)分布(bu)式電(dian)能存儲系統，可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)參與需求側(ce)響應，幫(bang)助用(yong)(yong)戶在不改變(bian)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)習慣(guan)的(de)情況下(xia)進(jin)行錯峰(feng)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)，降低購電(dian)費用(yong)(yong)。對于(yu)電(dian)網而(er)言，錯峰(feng)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)將會顯(xian)著提高電(dian)網的(de)資產(chan)利(li)用(yong)(yong)率，延緩系統改擴建(jian)，具有多方面(mian)的(de)經濟性。

　　改善電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。間歇性的分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和大量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備的應(ying)用可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)會(hui)造成高次諧波、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)閃變、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)跌落等電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)問題。在(zai)用戶側接入分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)存儲系統，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)快速響應(ying)系統中各種(zhong)擾動，有效控制波形畸(ji)變率在(zai)較小的范(fan)圍內，提高用戶電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。