由于密封(feng)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的諸(zhu)多優點,因(yin)此獲得了廣泛應用(yong)．然而密封(feng)鉛(qian)酸蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的充電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)似乎不被看重(zhong),因(yin)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)方式不合理而造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)過(guo)早報廢的情況普遍存(cun)在．充電(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程分(fen)析:

1.維護充電:

      當電池電壓較低時(可設定,本電路預設在9V以下),充電器工作在(zai)小電(dian)流維護(hu)充電(dian)狀態(tai)下,工作原理(li)為U1C⑨腳(同(tong)相端)電(dian)位(wei)(wei)低于(yu)⑧腳(反相端),U1C輸出(chu)低電(dian)位(wei)(wei),T4截止(zhi).U1D 11 腳電(dian)位(wei)(wei)約0.18V．此時充電(dian)電(dian)流約250mA(恒(heng)(heng)流電(dian)路由R14,U1D,T1B周邊外(wai)圍電(dian)路構成,恒(heng)(heng)流原理(li)讀(du)者請自行分析)．

2. 快速充電:

       隨(sui)著維護充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)繼續,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸升高(gao),當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超過9V時,充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)轉入大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)快充(chong)(chong)模式下,U1C⑨腳(jiao)(同(tong)相端)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)高(gao)于(yu)⑧腳(jiao)(反相端),U1C輸出高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei),T4導通,U1D 11 腳(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)約為0.48V,充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)恒(heng)定輸出約1A電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian).

3. 限壓浮充:

      當電(dian)池(chi)接近充(chong)足電(dian)時,充(chong)電(dian)器自(zi)動轉入限壓(ya)(ya)浮(fu)充(chong)狀(zhuang)態下(xia)(限壓(ya)(ya)浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)設(she)定為(wei)13.8V,如為(wei)6V蓄電(dian)池(chi),則浮(fu)充(chong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)應設(she)定為(wei)6.9V), 此時的(de)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流會由快速充(chong)電(dian)狀(zhuang)態下(xia)逐漸(jian)下(xia)降,至電(dian)池(chi)完全充(chong)足電(dian)后,充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流僅為(wei)10~30mA,用以補充(chong)電(dian)池(chi)因自(zi)放電(dian)而損(sun)失的(de)電(dian)量.

4. 保護及充電指示電路:

    本電(dian)(dian)(dian)路設有(you)反極性保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)路,由D4,U1C,U1D,T1及外(wai)圍元件(jian)構(gou)成,當電(dian)(dian)(dian)池反接時,充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)限制輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)流不致發生事故(gu)(原理(li)請讀(du)者(zhe)自行分析,或Email給作者(zhe)).充電(dian)(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示(shi)由U1A,D7及外(wai)圍元件(jian)構(gou)成,充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時,D7點亮,充電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)進(jin)入浮充狀態后(hou),D7熄滅,表示(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)結束.

5. 本(ben)電(dian)路(lu)略為(wei)修改電(dian)路(lu)參數(shu)即可(ke)任(ren)意調整充電(dian)電(dian)流,浮充電(dian)壓以(yi)滿足不同規格電(dian)池的(de)需要.

6. 物料清單如下

注(zhu):CF=碳膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu);MF=金屬膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu);M.O.F=金屬氧(yang)化膜(mo)電(dian)阻(zu)

*表示可根據需要調整的元件．
有鑒于此,設計制作了一款二階段恒流限壓式鉛酸電池充電器.
7.實測充電器的(de)充電曲(qu)線如下圖.

由于密(mi)封鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池的(de)諸多優點,因(yin)此獲得(de)了廣泛應用．然而密(mi)封鉛酸蓄(xu)電(dian)池的(de)充電(dian)技術似乎不被(bei)看(kan)重,因(yin)充電(dian)方式不合理而造成電(dian)池過(guo)早報廢的(de)情況普遍存在．充電(dian)過(guo)程分析:

1.維護充電:

      當(dang)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓較低(di)時(可設(she)定,本電(dian)(dian)路(lu)預(yu)設(she)在(zai)9V以下),充電(dian)(dian)器工(gong)作在(zai)小電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)維護充電(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)下,工(gong)作原理為U1C⑨腳(同(tong)相端)電(dian)(dian)位低(di)于⑧腳(反相端),U1C輸出(chu)低(di)電(dian)(dian)位,T4截止.U1D 11 腳電(dian)(dian)位約(yue)0.18V．此時充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)約(yue)250mA(恒流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)由R14,U1D,T1B周邊外圍電(dian)(dian)路(lu)構(gou)成,恒流(liu)(liu)原理讀者請(qing)自行分析)．

2. 快速充電:

       隨著維護充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)繼續,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓逐漸升高(gao),當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓超過9V時,充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)轉(zhuan)入大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流快充模式(shi)下,U1C⑨腳(同相端)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)高(gao)于(yu)⑧腳(反相端),U1C輸出(chu)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei),T4導通,U1D 11 腳電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)約(yue)為0.48V,充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)恒定輸出(chu)約(yue)1A電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian).

3. 限壓浮充:

      當電(dian)池接近充(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)時,充(chong)(chong)電(dian)器自(zi)動轉入限(xian)壓(ya)(ya)浮充(chong)(chong)狀態(tai)下(限(xian)壓(ya)(ya)浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)設(she)定(ding)為13.8V,如為6V蓄電(dian)池,則(ze)浮充(chong)(chong)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)應(ying)設(she)定(ding)為6.9V), 此(ci)時的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)會由快速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)狀態(tai)下逐漸下降,至電(dian)池完全充(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)后,充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)僅為10~30mA,用以補充(chong)(chong)電(dian)池因自(zi)放(fang)電(dian)而損(sun)失的電(dian)量.

4. 保(bao)護及充電(dian)指示電(dian)路:

    本電路(lu)設(she)有反極性保護電路(lu),由(you)(you)D4,U1C,U1D,T1及外圍(wei)元件(jian)構(gou)成(cheng),當電池反接(jie)時(shi)(shi),充(chong)(chong)電器限制輸(shu)出電流不致發(fa)生事(shi)故(原理(li)請讀者自行分(fen)析,或Email給作者).充(chong)(chong)電指示由(you)(you)U1A,D7及外圍(wei)元件(jian)構(gou)成(cheng),充(chong)(chong)電時(shi)(shi),D7點亮,充(chong)(chong)電器進入浮(fu)充(chong)(chong)狀態后,D7熄(xi)滅,表示充(chong)(chong)電結束.

5. 本電(dian)路(lu)略為修(xiu)改電(dian)路(lu)參數即可任意調整充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流,浮充(chong)電(dian)壓以滿足(zu)不同規格電(dian)池的需(xu)要.

6. 物料清單如下

注:CF=碳膜電(dian)(dian)阻;MF=金(jin)屬膜電(dian)(dian)阻;M.O.F=金(jin)屬氧化(hua)膜電(dian)(dian)阻

*表示可根據需要調整的元件．
有鑒于此,設計制作了一款二階段恒流限壓式鉛酸電池充電器.
7.實測充電器的充電曲線如下圖.